World · permanent entity record · BA
Bahrain
Thirty-second orientation
Bahrain at a glance
- Nationality / demonym
- noun: Bahraini(s); adjective: Bahraini
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
- Government
- constitutional monarchy
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
- Languages
- Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Independently structured milestones · not a complete national history
Bahrain through time
Admitted to the United Nations
Bahrain became a member of the United Nations.
United Nations, Member States · source checked 2026-09-04
Source history · changed fields only
Changes since the final CIA profile
| Field | Maintained Almanac value | Final CIA profile |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 1,600,366World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025 | total: 1,566,888 (2024 est.) male: 940,022 female: 626,866CIA World Factbook · as of 2026-01-08 |
A difference may reflect a newer observation, a revised estimate, or a different source definition. This table reports the values and dates; it does not manufacture a trend.
World Development Indicators · latest available observation
People, economy, and access
Observation years vary by measure. Each row identifies the series and year instead of presenting unlike dates as one current snapshot.
- Gross domestic product
- $49.0 billion
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Gross domestic product per person
- $30,597
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Life expectancy at birth
- 81.4 years
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Urban population
- 100.0%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Access to electricity
- 100.0%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. Underlying providers: World Bank ESMAP, Tracking SDG 7. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- People using the internet
- 100.0%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS. Underlying providers: International Telecommunication Union. Source footnote: Source and notes: TRA bahrain, Retrieved 2026-09-08.
World Development Indicators data are provided under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The linked indicator metadata identifies the underlying statistical providers.
Maintained profile
- Capital
- Manama
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · The nation set and displayed federal short name follow the current State Department independent-states register, dated August 11, 2026.
- Area
- 760 sq km
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Final CIA source data preserved by a community mirror after the Factbook was retired; the mirror is not the issuing authority.
- Population
- 1,600,366
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.POP.TOTL. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Source footnote: Extrapolated assuming the same growth rate as previous year. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Currency
- Bahraini dinars (BHD)
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Currency label extracted from the Factbook exchange-rate field.
- Languages
- Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Factbook language listing reproduced without inferring official status beyond the source wording.
- Nationality / demonym
- noun: Bahraini(s); adjective: Bahraini
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · The source’s noun and adjective forms are retained. These are language labels, not evidence of any individual person’s citizenship.
- Continent
- Asia
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Continental label standardized from the archived profile region “Middle East.”
- Coastline
- 161 km
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Climate
- arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Religions
- Muslim 74.2%, other 25.9% (2020 est)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Flag colors
- red, white
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Colors extracted from the flag description in the preserved final CIA profile.
- National symbol
- a white serrated band with five white points on top of a red field
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Highest point
- Jabal ad Dukhan · 443 ft (135 m)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Lowest point
- Persian Gulf · 0 ft (0 m)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- NATO membership
- Not a member
- NATO, What is NATO? · Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
- BRICS membership
- Not a member
- BRICS Brazil, About the BRICS · Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
Preserved public-domain record · not maintained current data
Final CIA World Factbook profile
This is the preserved historical baseline from the Factbook’s final public snapshot. It is presented as the CIA stated it, not as a current Standard American Almanac finding. Current, independently maintained facts appear above when available.
CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · profile updated · pinned source record · commit d81154954b8b
Introduction1 fields
- Background
- In 1783, the Sunni AL-KHALIFA family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. A steady decline in oil production and reserves since 1970 prompted Bahrain to take steps to diversify its economy, in the process developing petroleum processing and refining, aluminum production, and hospitality and retail sectors. It has also endeavored to become a leading regional banking center, especially with respect to Islamic finance. Bahrain's small size, central location among Gulf countries, economic dependence on Saudi Arabia, and proximity to Iran require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Its foreign policy activities usually fall in line with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. In 2022, the United States designated Bahrain as a major non-NATO ally. The Sunni royal family has long struggled to manage relations with its Shia-majority population. In 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government responded to similar pro-democracy and reform protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces. Ongoing dissatisfaction with the political status quo continues to factor into sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces. In 2020, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates signed the US-brokered Abraham Accords with Israel. In 2023, Bahrain and the United States signed the Comprehensive Security Integration and Prosperity Agreement to enhance cooperation across a wide range of areas, from defense and security to emerging technology, trade, and investment.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Geography18 fields
- Location
- Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Area
- total : 760 sq km land: 760 sq km water: 0 sq km
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Area - comparative
- 3.5 times the size of Washington, D.C.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Maritime claims
- territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Climate
- arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Terrain
- mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Elevation
- highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 135 m lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural resources
- oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land use
- agricultural land: 10.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 2.6% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 5% (2023 est.) forest: 4.3% (2023 est.) other: 84.2% (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Population distribution
- smallest population of the Gulf States, but urbanization rate exceeds 90%; largest settlement concentration is found on the far northern end of the island in and around Manamah and Al Muharraq
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Geography - note
- close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
People and Society33 fields
- Population
- total: 1,566,888 (2024 est.) male: 940,022 female: 626,866
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Nationality
- noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Ethnic groups
- Bahraini 47.4%, Asian 43.4%, other Arab 4.9%, African 1.4%, North American 1.1%, Gulf Co-operative countries 0.9%, European 0.8%, other 0.1% (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Languages
- Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu major-language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Age structure
- 0-14 years: 18.1% (male 143,399/female 139,667) 15-64 years: 77.7% (male 762,190/female 454,616) 65 years and over: 4.3% (2024 est.) (male 34,433/female 32,583)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Dependency ratios
- total dependency ratio: 28.8 (2024 est.) youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2024 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 5.5 (2024 est.) potential support ratio: 18.2 (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Median age
- total: 33.5 years (2025 est.) male: 34.6 years female: 31.2 years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Birth rate
- 12.08 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Death rate
- 2.86 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Net migration rate
- -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Population distribution
- smallest population of the Gulf States, but urbanization rate exceeds 90%; largest settlement concentration is found on the far northern end of the island in and around Manamah and Al Muharraq
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Urbanization
- urban population: 89.9% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Major urban areas - population
- 709,000 MANAMA (capital) (2023)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Sex ratio
- at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.68 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/female total population: 1.5 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Maternal mortality ratio
- 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Infant mortality rate
- total: 9.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 11.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 8 deaths/1,000 live births
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Life expectancy at birth
- total population: 80.4 years (2024 est.) male: 78.1 years female: 82.7 years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total fertility rate
- 1.64 children born/woman (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Drinking water source
- total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.) total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Health expenditure
- 4.3% of GDP (2021) 8.6% of national budget (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Physician density
- 0.74 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Hospital bed density
- 1.7 beds/1,000 population (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Sanitation facility access
- total: 100% of population (2022 est.) total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Alcohol consumption per capita
- total: 1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Tobacco use
- total: 17.3% (2025 est.) male: 24.3% (2025 est.) female: 4.8% (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Currently married women (ages 15-49)
- 56.4% (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Education expenditure
- 1.9% of GDP (2023 est.) 8.3% national budget (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Literacy
- total population: 97.8% (2024 est.) male: 98.7% (2024 est.) female: 96.3% (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
- total: 16 years (2023 est.) male: 15 years (2023 est.) female: 17 years (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Environment11 fields
- Environmental issues
- desertification; drought; coastal degradation from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources; saline contamination from lowered water table
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International environmental agreements
- party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Climate
- arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land use
- agricultural land: 10.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 2.6% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 5% (2023 est.) forest: 4.3% (2023 est.) other: 84.2% (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Urbanization
- urban population: 89.9% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Carbon dioxide emissions
- 47.818 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: -1,401 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 8.825 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 38.995 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Particulate matter emissions
- 51.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Methane emissions
- energy: 165.3 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 0.6 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 163.6 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 1.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Waste and recycling
- municipal solid waste generated annually: 951,900 tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 14.1% (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total water withdrawal
- municipal: 275.6 million cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 14.1 million cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 144.7 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total renewable water resources
- 116 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Government25 fields
- Country name
- conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain conventional short form: Bahrain local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn local short form: Al Bahrayn former: Dilmun, Tylos, Awal, Mishmahig, Bahrayn, State of Bahrain etymology: the name means "the two seas" in Arabic and refers to the water bodies on each side of the archipelago
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Capital
- name: Manama geographic coordinates: 26 14 N, 50 34 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: name derives from the Arabic word al-manama, meaning "place of rest" or "place of dreams"
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Administrative divisions
- 4 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Asimah (Capital), Janubiyah (Southern), Muharraq, Shamaliyah (Northern)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legal system
- mixed legal system of Islamic (sharia) law, English common law, Egyptian civil, criminal, and commercial codes; customary law
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Constitution
- history: previous 1973; latest adopted 14 February 2002, entry into force 14 February 2002 amendment process: proposed by the king or by at least 15 members of either chamber of the National Assembly followed by submission to an Assembly committee for review and, if approved, submitted to the government for restatement as drafts; passage requires a two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both chambers and validation by the king; constitutional articles on the state religion (Islam), state language (Arabic), and the monarchy and "inherited rule" cannot be amended
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International law organization participation
- has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Citizenship
- citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Bahrain dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 25 years; 15 years for Arab nationals
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Executive branch
- chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (since 11 November 2020) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legislative branch
- legislature name: National Assembly (Al-Majlis Al-Watani) legislative structure: bicameral
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legislative branch - lower chamber
- chamber name: Council of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab) number of seats: 40 (all directly elected) electoral system: plurality/majority scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 11/12/2022 to 11/19/2022 percentage of women in chamber: 20% expected date of next election: November 2026
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legislative branch - upper chamber
- chamber name: Shura Council (Majlis Al-Shura) number of seats: 40 (all appointed) scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 11/27/2022 percentage of women in chamber: 25% expected date of next election: November 2026
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Judicial branch
- highest court(s): Court of Cassation (consists of the chairman and 3 judges); Supreme Court of Appeal (consists of the chairman and 3 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the president and 6 members); High Sharia Court of Appeal (court sittings include the president and at least one judge) judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges appointed by royal decree and serve for a specified tenure; Constitutional Court president and members appointed by the Higher Judicial Council, a body chaired by the monarch and includes judges from the Court of Cassation, sharia law courts, and Civil High Courts of Appeal; members serve 9-year terms; High Sharia Court of Appeal member appointments by royal decree for a specified tenure subordinate courts: Civil High Courts of Appeal; middle and lower civil courts; High Sharia Court of Appeal; Senior Sharia Court; Administrative Courts of Appeal; military courts note: the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into civil law courts and sharia law courts; sharia courts (involving personal status and family law) are further divided into Sunni Muslim and Shia Muslim; the Courts are supervised by the Supreme Judicial Council.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Political parties
- note: political parties are prohibited, but political societies were legalized under a July 2005 law
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission: Ambassador Abdulla bin Rashed AL KHALIFA (since 21 July 2017) chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 342-1111 FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192 email address and website: ambsecretary@bahrainembassy.org https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?language=en-US&tabid=7702 consulate(s) general: New York
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Stephanie HALLETT (since 19 December 2025); Chargé d’Affaires Elizabeth A. LITCHFIELD embassy: Building 979, Road 3119, Block 331, Zinj District, P.O. Box 26431, Manama mailing address: 6210 Manama Place, Washington DC 20521-6210 telephone: [973] 17-242700 FAX: [973] 17-272594 email address and website: ManamaConsular@state.gov https://bh.usembassy.gov/
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International organization participation
- ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CICA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National holiday
- National Day, 16 December (1971) note: 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Flag
- description: red, with a white serrated band of five white points on the left side meaning: red is the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam history: until 2002, the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National symbol(s)
- a white serrated band with five white points on top of a red field
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National anthem(s)
- title: "Bahrainona" (Our Bahrain) lyrics/music: unknown history: adopted 1971; Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, but they were changed in 2002 after Bahrain became a kingdom
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National heritage
- total World Heritage Sites: 3 (all cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Dilmun Burial Mounds; Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbor and Capital of Dilmun; Bahrain Pearling Path
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Economy28 fields
- Economic overview
- high-income, growing Middle Eastern island economy; oil and aluminum exporter with diversification led by services, construction and manufacturing; regional finance and tourism hub; high public debt linked to oil revenue dependence and limited tax base; vulnerable to water reservoir depletion
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
- $93.937 billion (2024 est.) $91.185 billion (2023 est.) $87.781 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP growth rate
- 3% (2024 est.) 3.9% (2023 est.) 6.2% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP per capita
- $59,100 (2024 est.) $57,800 (2023 est.) $57,600 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP (official exchange rate)
- $47.737 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Inflation rate (consumer prices)
- 0.9% (2024 est.) 0.1% (2023 est.) 3.6% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP - composition, by sector of origin
- agriculture: 0.3% (2023 est.) industry: 43.4% (2023 est.) services: 51.9% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP - composition, by end use
- household consumption: 38.9% (2023 est.) government consumption: 14.6% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 27.5% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: 1.8% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 87.4% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -70.1% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Agricultural products
- lamb/mutton, dates, milk, tomatoes, chicken, eggs, sheep offal, sheepskins, eggplants, chillies/peppers (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Industries
- petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Industrial production growth rate
- 0.1% (2023 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Labor force
- 913,300 (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Unemployment rate
- 1.2% (2024 est.) 1.2% (2023 est.) 1.4% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
- total: 5.2% (2024 est.) male: 2.5% (2024 est.) female: 12.4% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Average household expenditures
- on food: 13.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 0.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Remittances
- 0% of GDP (2023 est.) 0% of GDP (2022 est.) 0% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Budget
- revenues: $5.538 billion (2020 est.) expenditures: $9.982 billion (2020 est.) note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Public debt
- 111.6% of GDP (2020 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Taxes and other revenues
- 2.8% (of GDP) (2020 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Current account balance
- $2.282 billion (2024 est.) $2.699 billion (2023 est.) $6.839 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports
- $41.303 billion (2024 est.) $40.344 billion (2023 est.) $44.58 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports - partners
- UAE 16%, Saudi Arabia 15%, South Africa 8%, USA 6%, India 4% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports - commodities
- refined petroleum, aluminum, iron ore, aluminum wire, jewelry (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports
- $33.044 billion (2024 est.) $32.374 billion (2023 est.) $33.066 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports - partners
- China 13%, Saudi Arabia 12%, UAE 11%, Brazil 8%, Australia 7% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports - commodities
- iron ore, aluminum oxide, ships, cars, gold (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
- $4.949 billion (2024 est.) $5.118 billion (2023 est.) $4.775 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exchange rates
- Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - 0.376 (2024 est.) 0.376 (2023 est.) 0.376 (2022 est.) 0.376 (2021 est.) 0.376 (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Energy7 fields
- Electricity access
- electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Electricity
- installed generating capacity: 7.031 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 35.09 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 467.898 million kWh (2023 est.) imports: 480.883 million kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 1.093 billion kWh (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Electricity generation sources
- fossil fuels: 99.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Coal
- exports: 600 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 300 metric tons (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Petroleum
- total petroleum production: 190,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 72,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 186.5 million barrels (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural gas
- production: 19.55 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 19.878 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 81.98 million cubic meters (2020 est.) proven reserves: 81.383 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Energy consumption per capita
- 554.202 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Communications6 fields
- Telephones - fixed lines
- total subscriptions: 246,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Telephones - mobile cellular
- total subscriptions: 2,415,720 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 160 (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Broadcast media
- state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 6 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station has broadcasts for Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2023)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Internet users
- percent of population: 100% (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Broadband - fixed subscriptions
- total: 268,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Transportation5 fields
- Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
- A9C
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Merchant marine
- total: 184 (2023) by type: general cargo 12, oil tanker 3, other 169
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Ports
- total ports: 4 (2024) large: 0 medium: 3 small: 1 very small: 0 ports with oil terminals: 1 key ports: Al Manamah, Khalifa Bin Salman, Mina Salman, Sitrah
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Military and Security6 fields
- Military and security forces
- Bahrain Defense Force (BDF): Royal Bahraini Army (includes the Royal Guard), Royal Bahraini Navy, Royal Bahraini Air Force Ministry of Interior: National Guard, Special Security Forces Command (SSFC), Coast Guard (2025) note 1: the Royal Guard is officially under the command of the Army, but exercises considerable autonomy note 2: the Ministry of Interior is responsible for internal security and oversees police and specialized security units responsible for maintaining internal order; the National Guard's primary mission is to guard critical infrastructure such as the airport and oil fields and is a back-up to the police; the Guard is under the Ministry of Interior but reports directly to the king
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military expenditures
- 3% of GDP (2024 est.) 3.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 3.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.6% of GDP (2021 est.) 4.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military and security service personnel strengths
- information varies; approximately 10,000 active Bahrain Defense Force; approximately 3,000 National Guard (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
- the military's inventory is comprised of mostly older US armaments alongside smaller quantities from other countries, such as France, Germany, Turkey, and the UK (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military service age and obligation
- 18 years of age for voluntary military service; 18-55 to voluntarily join the reserves (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military - note
- the BDF (established 1968) is responsible for territorial defense and support to internal security; its primary concern is Iran, both the conventional military threat and Tehran's support to regional terrorist groups; the BDF participates in multinational exercises and has conducted small deployments outside of the country; in 2015, for example, Bahrain joined the Saudi Arabia-led military intervention in Yemen, supplying a few hundred troops and combat aircraft Bahrain’s closest security partners are Saudi Arabia and the US; Bahraini leaders have said that the security ties of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are “indivisible”; Saudi Arabia sent forces to Bahrain to assist with internal security following the 2011 uprising; Bahrain hosts the US Naval Forces Central Command (USNAVCENT; established 1983), which includes the US 5th Fleet and the Combined Maritime Forces (established 2002), a coalition of more than 30 nations providing maritime security for regional shipping lanes; Bahrain also has close security ties with the UK, which maintains a naval support facility there Bahrain hosts the Gulf Cooperation Council's (GCC) Unified Maritime Operations Center and is a member of the Peninsula Shield Forces, a joint military force established by the GCC countries with the aim of maintaining security and stability in the region (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Space3 fields
- Space agency/agencies
- Bahrain Space Agency (BSA; established 2014) (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Space program overview
- focuses on promoting space research and science, applying space-related technologies, and building capacity in the fields of satellite manufacturing, tracking, control, data processing and analysis, and remote sensing; cooperates with a variety of foreign agencies and commercial entities, including those of India, Italy, Japan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UK, the UAE, and the US; also a member of the Arab Space Coordination Group (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Key space-program milestones
- 2022 - first scientific nanosatellite (Light-1 CubeSat) built with assistance from the UAE and launched by Japan; joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration 2023 - first domestically built technology-demonstrator nanosatellite (Kuwait Sat-1) launched by US 2025 - first domestically built remote-sensing nanosatellite (Al Munther) launched by US
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Terrorism1 fields
- Terrorist group(s)
- al-Ashtar Brigades; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force note 1: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide note 2: in addition to the al-Ashtar Brigades and the IRGC/Qods Force, Saraya al-Mukhtar (aka The Mukhtar Brigade) is an Iran-backed terrorist organization based in Bahrain, reportedly receiving financial and logistic support from the IRGC; Saraya al-Mukhtar's self-described goal is to depose the Bahraini Government with the intention of paving the way for Iran to exert greater influence in Bahrain; the group was designated by the US as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist in Dec 2020
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Transnational Issues1 fields
- Refugees and internally displaced persons
- refugees: 371 (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
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