World · permanent entity record · BG

Bangladesh

Thirty-second orientation

Bangladesh at a glance

Capital: Dhaka; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Population: 175,686,899; World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025
Area: 148,460 sq km; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Nationality / demonym: noun: Bangladeshi(s); adjective: Bangladeshi; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Government: parliamentary republic; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Languages: Bangla 98.8% (official, also known as Bengali), other 1.2% (2011 est.); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04

Independently structured milestones · not a complete national history

Bangladesh through time

1974-09-17
Admitted to the United Nations
Bangladesh became a member of the United Nations.
United Nations, Member States · source checked 2026-09-04

Source history · changed fields only

Changes since the final CIA profile

Field	Maintained Almanac value	Final CIA profile
Population	175,686,899World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025	total: 174,370,536 (2025 est.) male: 83,908,720 female: 90,461,816CIA World Factbook · as of 2026-01-20

A difference may reflect a newer observation, a revised estimate, or a different source definition. This table reports the values and dates; it does not manufacture a trend.

World Development Indicators · latest available observation

People, economy, and access

Observation years vary by measure. Each row identifies the series and year instead of presenting unlike dates as one current snapshot.

Gross domestic product: $456.3 billion; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Gross domestic product per person: $2,597; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Life expectancy at birth: 74.9 years; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Urban population: 33.2%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Access to electricity: 99.5%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. Underlying providers: World Bank ESMAP, Tracking SDG 7. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
People using the internet: 53.4%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS. Underlying providers: International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 2026-09-08.

World Development Indicators data are provided under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The linked indicator metadata identifies the underlying statistical providers.

Maintained profile

Capital: Dhaka; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04The nation set and displayed federal short name follow the current State Department independent-states register, dated August 11, 2026.
Area: 148,460 sq km; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Final CIA source data preserved by a community mirror after the Factbook was retired; the mirror is not the issuing authority.
Population: 175,686,899; World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.POP.TOTL. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Currency: taka (BDT); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Currency label extracted from the Factbook exchange-rate field.
Languages: Bangla 98.8% (official, also known as Bengali), other 1.2% (2011 est.); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Factbook language listing reproduced without inferring official status beyond the source wording.
Nationality / demonym: noun: Bangladeshi(s); adjective: Bangladeshi; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04The source’s noun and adjective forms are retained. These are language labels, not evidence of any individual person’s citizenship.
Government: parliamentary republic; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
UN membership: 1974-09-17; United Nations, Member States · as of 2026-09-04
Continent: Asia; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Continental label standardized from the archived profile region “South Asia.”
Coastline: 580 km; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Climate: tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Religions: Muslim 91%, Hindu 8%, other 1% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Flag colors: green, red; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Colors extracted from the flag description in the preserved final CIA profile.
National symbol: Bengal tiger, water lily; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Highest point: Mowdok Taung · 3,478 ft (1,060 m); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Lowest point: Bay of Bengal · 0 ft (0 m); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-20Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
NATO membership: Not a member; NATO, What is NATO? · as of 2026-09-06Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
BRICS membership: Not a member; BRICS Brazil, About the BRICS · as of 2026-09-06Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.

Preserved public-domain record · not maintained current data

Final CIA World Factbook profile

This is the preserved historical baseline from the Factbook’s final public snapshot. It is presented as the CIA stated it, not as a current Standard American Almanac finding. Current, independently maintained facts appear above when available.

CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · profile updated 2026-01-20 · pinned source record · commit d81154954b8b

Introduction1 fields

Background: The huge delta region at the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems -- now referred to as Bangladesh -- was a loosely incorporated outpost of various empires for much of the first millennium A.D. Muslim conversions and settlement in the region began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans established trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, which is primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. After the partition of India in 1947, the Muslim-majority area became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western areas of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won the independence war for Bangladesh in 1971. The military overthrew the post-independence AL government in 1975, the first of a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and the subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) that took power in 1979. That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections were held in 1991. The BNP and AL alternated in power from 1991 to 2008, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime in 2007. The country returned to fully democratic rule in 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh is on track to graduate from the UN’s Least Developed Countries (LDC) list in 2026. The economy has grown at an annual average of about 6.25% for the last two decades. Poverty declined from 11.8 percent in 2010 to 5.0 percent in 2022, based on the international poverty line of $2.15 a day (using 2017 Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate). The country made a rapid recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but still faces economic challenges.; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Geography19 fields

Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Geographic coordinates: 24 00 N, 90 00 E; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Map references: Asia; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Area: total : 148,460 sq km land: 130,170 sq km water: 18,290 sq km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Area - comparative: slightly larger than Pennsylvania and New Jersey combined; slightly smaller than Iowa; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Land boundaries: total: 4,413 km border countries (2): Burma 271 km; India 4,142 km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Coastline: 580 km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 18 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: to the outer limits of the continental margin; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Climate: tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Elevation: highest point: Mowdok Taung 1,060 m lowest point: Bay of Bengal 0 m mean elevation: 85 m; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Natural resources: natural gas, arable land, timber, coal; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Land use: agricultural land: 72.3% (2023 est.) arable land: 60.6% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 7.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 4.6% (2023 est.) forest: 14.4% (2023 est.) other: 13.3% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Irrigated land: 83,690 sq km (2022); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Major rivers (by length in km): Brahmaputra river mouth (shared with China [s] and India) - 3,969 km; Ganges river mouth (shared with India [s]) - 2,704 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Major watersheds (area sq km): Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Major aquifers: Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Natural hazards: droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Geography - note: most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

People and Society35 fields

Population: total: 174,370,536 (2025 est.) male: 83,908,720 female: 90,461,816; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Nationality: noun: Bangladeshi(s) adjective: Bangladeshi; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Ethnic groups: Bengali at least 99%, other indigenous ethnic groups 1% (2022 est.) note: Bangladesh's government recognizes 27 indigenous ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Languages: Bangla 98.8% (official, also known as Bengali), other 1.2% (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): বিশ্ব ফ্যাক্টবুক, মৌলিক তথ্যের অপরিহার্য উৎস (Bangla) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Religions: Muslim 91%, Hindu 8%, other 1% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Age structure: 0-14 years: 25.1% (male 21,540,493/female 20,800,712) 15-64 years: 67.1% (male 55,071,592/female 58,180,322) 65 years and over: 7.8% (2024 est.) (male 6,096,167/female 7,007,898); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 54.6 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 43.5 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 11.1 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 9 (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Median age: total: 27.8 years (2025 est.) male: 28.7 years female: 30.4 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Population growth rate: 0.91% (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Birth rate: 19.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Death rate: 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Net migration rate: -4.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Urbanization: urban population: 40.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Major urban areas - population: 23.210 million DHAKA (capital), 5.380 million Chittagong, 955,000 Khulna, 962,000 Rajshahi, 964,000 Sylhet, 906,000 Bogra (2023); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Mother's mean age at first birth: 18.6 years (2017/18 est.) note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Maternal mortality ratio: 115 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Infant mortality rate: total: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 31.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 26.3 deaths/1,000 live births; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.2 years (2024 est.) male: 73.1 years female: 77.5 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Total fertility rate: 2.25 children born/woman (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Gross reproduction rate: 1.1 (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Drinking water source: urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.) rural: 98.5% of population (2022 est.) total: 98.4% of population (2022 est.) urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.) rural: 1.5% of population (2022 est.) total: 1.6% of population (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Health expenditure: 2.4% of GDP (2021) 1.2% of national budget (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Physician density: 0.72 physicians/1,000 population (2023); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Hospital bed density: 0.9 beds/1,000 population (2019 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Sanitation facility access: urban: 90.3% of population (2022 est.) rural: 81.4% of population (2022 est.) total: 84.9% of population (2022 est.) urban: 9.7% of population (2022 est.) rural: 18.6% of population (2022 est.) total: 15.1% of population (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 3.6% (2016); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Tobacco use: total: 29.7% (2025 est.) male: 47.6% (2025 est.) female: 12.5% (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 21.7% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 80.6% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 15.5% (2019) women married by age 18: 51.4% (2019); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Education expenditure: 2% of GDP (2024 est.) 11.9% national budget (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Literacy: total population: 79% (2022 est.) male: 81.4% (2022 est.) female: 76.5% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 11 years (2023 est.) male: 11 years (2023 est.) female: 12 years (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Environment11 fields

Environmental issues: flooding; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, from the use of commercial pesticides; groundwater pollution from naturally occurring arsenic; falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; destruction of wetlands; severe overpopulation with noise pollution; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
International environmental agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Climate: tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Land use: agricultural land: 72.3% (2023 est.) arable land: 60.6% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 7.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 4.6% (2023 est.) forest: 14.4% (2023 est.) other: 13.3% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Urbanization: urban population: 40.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Carbon dioxide emissions: 125.956 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 26.967 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 42.083 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 56.906 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Particulate matter emissions: 42.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Methane emissions: energy: 544 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 2,391.4 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 693 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 38.6 kt (2019-2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 14.778 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.7% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 3.6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 770 million cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 31.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Total renewable water resources: 1.227 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Government24 fields

Country name: conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh conventional short form: Bangladesh local long form: Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh local short form: Bangladesh former: East Bengal, East Pakistan etymology: the name is a compound of the Bengali words Bangla (Bengali) and desh (country); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Government type: parliamentary republic; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Capital: name: Dhaka geographic coordinates: 23 43 N, 90 24 E time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the origins of the name are unclear, but it may be derived from either the dhak tree or Dhakeshwari, a goddess with a shrine in the city; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Administrative divisions: 8 divisions; Barishal, Chattogram, Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Legal system: common law, incorporating elements of English common law; since independence, statutory law has been the primary form of legislation; Islamic law applies to Muslims in family and inheritance laws, with Hindu personal law applying to Hindus and Buddhists; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Constitution: history: previous 1935, 1956, 1962 (pre-independence); latest enacted 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended March 1982, restored November 1986 amendment process: proposed by the House of the Nation; approval requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the House membership and assent of the president of the republic; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bangladesh dual citizenship recognized: yes, but limited to select countries residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Executive branch: chief of state: President Mohammad SHAHABUDDIN Chuppi (since 24 April 2023) head of government: Interim Prime Minister Muhammad YUNUS (since 8 August 2024) cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister, appointed by the president election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by the National Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); the president appoints as prime minister the majority party leader in the National Parliament most recent election date: 13 February 2023 election results: President Mohammad SHAHABUDDIN Chuppi (AL) elected unopposed by the National Parliament; Sheikh HASINA reappointed prime minister for a fifth term following the 7 January 2024 parliamentary election but fled the country on 5 August 2024 following mass protests against her government in July and August 2024; Mohammad YUNIS was appointed as interim Prime Minister on 8 August 2024 expected date of next election: 2028 note: On August 5, 2024, former prime minister Sheikh HASINA fled the country as protesters stormed her official residence, and army chief General Waker-Uz-Zaman announced that an interim government would be formed to run Bangladesh; the President dissolved Parliament on 6 August and swore in Nobel laureate Muhammad YUNUS as interim prime minister on 8 August; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Legislative branch: expected date of next election: February 2026 note: the Parliament (House of the Nation) was dissolved on 6 August 2024 by President Mohammad SHAHABUDDIN Chuppi following the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wazed on 5 August 2024; new national elections will be held in February 2026; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of Bangladesh (organized into the Appellate Division with 7 justices and the High Court Division with 99 justices) judge selection and term of office: chief justice and justices appointed by the president; justices serve until retirement at age 67 subordinate courts: civil courts include: Assistant Judge's Court; Joint District Judge's Court; Additional District Judge's Court; District Judge's Court; criminal courts include: Court of Sessions; Court of Metropolitan Sessions; Metropolitan Magistrate Courts; Magistrate Court; special courts/tribunals; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Political parties: Awami League or AL Bangladesh Jamaat-i-Islami or JIB Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP Islami Andolan Bangladesh Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) Jatiya Party or JP (Manju faction) National Socialist Party (Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal) or JSD Workers Party or WP; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tareq Md Ariful ISLAM (since 5 September 2025) chancery: 3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183 FAX: [1] (202) 244-2771 email address and website: mission.washington@mofa.gov.bd Embassy of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Washington, DC (mofa.gov.bd) consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, Miami, New York; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Brent CHRISTENSEN (since 12 January 2026) embassy: Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka - 1212 mailing address: 6120 Dhaka Place, Washington DC 20521-6120 telephone: [880] (2) 5566-2000 FAX: [880] (2) 5566-2907 email address and website: DhakaACS@state.gov https://bd.usembassy.gov/; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
International organization participation: ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSCA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Independence: 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day, 16 December (1971) note: 26 March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December (Victory Day) memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Flag: description: green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the left meaning: the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
National symbol(s): Bengal tiger, water lily; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
National color(s): green, red; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
National coat of arms: the water lily is the national flower and symbolizes promise, aesthetics, and elegance; the water under the lily, the rice sheaves on the sides, and the jute leaves at the top represent the Bangladeshi landscape and economy; the four stars represent the aims and ambition of the nation; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
National anthem(s): title: "Amar Shonar Bangla" (My Golden Bengal) lyrics/music: Rabindranath TAGORE history: adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 3 (2 cultural, 1 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Bagerhat Historic Mosque (c); Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur (c); Sundarbans (n); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Economy32 fields

Economic overview: one of the fastest growing emerging market economies; strong economic rebound following COVID-19; significant poverty reduction; exports dominated by textile industry; weakened exports and remittances resulted in declining foreign exchange reserves and 2022 IMF loan request; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $1.473 trillion (2024 est.) $1.413 trillion (2023 est.) $1.336 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Real GDP growth rate: 4.2% (2024 est.) 5.8% (2023 est.) 7.1% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Real GDP per capita: $8,500 (2024 est.) $8,200 (2023 est.) $7,900 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
GDP (official exchange rate): $450.119 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.5% (2024 est.) 9.9% (2023 est.) 7.7% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 11.2% (2024 est.) industry: 34.1% (2024 est.) services: 51.4% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 70.1% (2024 est.) government consumption: 5.9% (2024 est.) investment in fixed capital: 30.7% (2024 est.) investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.) exports of goods and services: 10.5% (2024 est.) imports of goods and services: -16.3% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Agricultural products: rice, milk, potatoes, maize, sugarcane, onions, jute, vegetables, mangoes/guavas, tropical fruits (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Industries: cotton, textiles and clothing, jute, tea, paper, cement, fertilizer, sugar, light engineering; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Labor force: 77.355 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Unemployment rate: 4.7% (2024 est.) 4.5% (2023 est.) 4.6% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 11.5% (2024 est.) male: 13.7% (2024 est.) female: 9.2% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Population below poverty line: 18.7% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 33.4 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Average household expenditures: on food: 52.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 2.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.5% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 27.4% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Remittances: 6% of GDP (2024 est.) 5.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 4.7% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Budget: revenues: $39.849 billion (2021 est.) expenditures: $51.558 billion (2021 est.) note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Public debt: 33.3% of GDP (2016 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Taxes and other revenues: 7.6% (of GDP) (2021 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Current account balance: $1.87 billion (2024 est.) $4.388 billion (2023 est.) -$14.438 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Exports: $53.848 billion (2024 est.) $58.885 billion (2023 est.) $60.066 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Exports - partners: USA 16%, Germany 15%, UK 8%, Spain 7%, Poland 6% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Exports - commodities: garments, footwear, fabric, textiles, trunks and cases (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Imports: $74.96 billion (2024 est.) $73.172 billion (2023 est.) $93.635 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Imports - partners: China 34%, India 17%, Indonesia 5%, Singapore 5%, Malaysia 4% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, cotton fabric, natural gas, cotton, fabric (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $21.395 billion (2024 est.) $21.86 billion (2023 est.) $33.747 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Debt - external: $58.02 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Exchange rates: taka (BDT) per US dollar - 115.604 (2024 est.) 106.309 (2023 est.) 91.745 (2022 est.) 85.084 (2021 est.) 84.871 (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Energy8 fields

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 99.4% (2022 est.) electrification - urban areas: 100% electrification - rural areas: 99.3%; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 22.699 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 107.285 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 9.407 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 8.279 billion kWh (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 98.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Nuclear energy: Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 2 (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Coal: production: 767,000 metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 14.05 million metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 13.305 million metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 3.26 billion metric tons (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 263,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 28 million barrels (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Natural gas: production: 22.334 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 29.119 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 6.785 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 126.293 billion cubic meters (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Energy consumption per capita: 11.472 million Btu/person (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Communications6 fields

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 285,000 (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2024 est.) less than 1; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 188 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 108 (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Broadcast media: state-owned Bangladesh Television (BTV) broadcasts nationally; some channels operate via satellite; the government also owns a medium-wave radio channel and some private FM radio news channels; of the 41 approved TV stations, 26 are currently being used to broadcast, and 23 operate under private management via cable distribution; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Internet country code: .bd; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Internet users: percent of population: 45% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 12.9 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Transportation6 fields

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: S2; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Airports: 17 (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Heliports: 36 (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Railways: total: 2,460 km (2014) narrow gauge: 1,801 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge broad gauge: 659 km (2014) 1.676-m gauge; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Merchant marine: total: 558 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 68, container ship 10, general cargo 170, oil tanker 162, other 148; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Ports: total ports: 2 (2024) large: 0 medium: 1 small: 1 very small: 0 ports with oil terminals: 0 key ports: Chittagong, Mongla; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Military and Security7 fields

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Bangladesh (aka Bangladesh Defense Force): Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Air Force Ministry of Home Affairs: Bangladesh Police, Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), Bangladesh Coast Guard, Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), Ansars, Village Defense Party (VDP) (2025) note 1: the Armed Forces of Bangladesh are jointly administered by the Ministry of Defense (MOD) and the Armed Forces Division (AFD), both under the Prime Minister's Office; the AFD has ministerial status and parallel functions with MOD note 2: the RAB, Ansars, and VDP are paramilitary organizations for internal security; the RAB is a joint task force comprised of Police, Army, Navy, Air Force, and Border Guards personnel seconded to the RAB; its mandate includes internal security, intelligence gathering related to criminal activities, and government-directed investigations; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Military expenditures: 0.9% of GDP (2024 est.) 1% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2021 est.) 1.3% of GDP (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; approximately 170,000 active Armed Forces (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: much of the military's inventory is comprised of Chinese- and Russian-origin equipment, but in recent years suppliers have expanded to include Germany, Turkey, the UK, and the US (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Military service age and obligation: varies by service, but generally 17-23 for voluntary military service; length of service also varies (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Military deployments: approximately 1,400 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,700 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO; plus about 200 police); 120 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,600 South Sudan (UNMISS); 500 Sudan (UNISFA) (2024); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Military - note: the military’s primary responsibility is external defense but it also has a domestic security role; following widespread domestic protests in September 2024, the Army was given law enforcement powers, including making arrests, conducting searches, and dispersing unlawful assemblies; the military has traditionally been a significant player in the country's politics and has commercial business interests in such areas as banking, food, hotels, manufacturing, real estate, and shipbuilding, and manages government infrastructure and construction projects the military has a long history of participating in UN peacekeeping missions, which has provided operational experience and a source of funding; it runs an international institute for the training of peacekeepers; the military also conducts multinational and bilateral exercises with foreign partners, particularly India (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Space3 fields

Space agency/agencies: Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO; established as a statutory body in 1991 and designated as the country's national focal point for space-related activities in 1995) (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Space program overview: has a modest space program focused on designing, building, and operating satellites, particularly those with remote sensing (RS) capabilities; SPARSSO's mandate is to use space and RS technology in areas such as agriculture, education, environmental studies, fisheries, forestry, geology, land use, mapping, meteorology, and oceanography; has a government-owned company for acquiring and operating satellites (Bangladesh Satellite Company Limited, established in 2017); works with several foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of France, Japan, Russia, and the US; member of several international space organizations, such as the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source
Key space-program milestones: 2017 - first educational/scientific nanosatellite (BRAC-Onnesha) acquired from Japan and launched by US 2018 - first communications satellite (Bangabandhu-1) built by a French company and launched by US 2025 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for the safe and responsible exploration of space; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Terrorism1 fields

Terrorist group(s): Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI-B); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) in Bangladesh (ISB); al-Qa'ida; al-Qa'ida in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

Transnational Issues1 fields

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 1,005,637 (2024 est.) IDPs: 756,743 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 1,005,520 (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-20 · source

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Bangladesh at a glance

Bangladesh through time

Admitted to the United Nations

Changes since the final CIA profile

People, economy, and access

Maintained profile