World · permanent entity record · MG

Mongolia

Thirty-second orientation

Mongolia at a glance

Capital: Ulaanbaatar; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Population: 3,568,978; World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025
Area: 1,564,116 sq km; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Nationality / demonym: noun: Mongolian(s); adjective: Mongolian; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Government: semi-presidential republic; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Languages: Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04

Independently structured milestones · not a complete national history

Mongolia through time

1961-10-27
Admitted to the United Nations
Mongolia became a member of the United Nations.
United Nations, Member States · source checked 2026-09-04

Source history · changed fields only

Changes since the final CIA profile

Field	Maintained Almanac value	Final CIA profile
Population	3,568,978World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025	total: 3,281,676 (2024 est.) male: 1,595,596 female: 1,686,080CIA World Factbook · as of 2026-01-09

A difference may reflect a newer observation, a revised estimate, or a different source definition. This table reports the values and dates; it does not manufacture a trend.

World Development Indicators · latest available observation

People, economy, and access

Observation years vary by measure. Each row identifies the series and year instead of presenting unlike dates as one current snapshot.

Gross domestic product: $25.4 billion; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Gross domestic product per person: $7,108; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Life expectancy at birth: 72.4 years; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Urban population: 71.1%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Access to electricity: 99.1%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. Underlying providers: World Bank ESMAP, Tracking SDG 7. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
People using the internet: 85.1%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS. Underlying providers: International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 2026-09-08.

World Development Indicators data are provided under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The linked indicator metadata identifies the underlying statistical providers.

Maintained profile

Capital: Ulaanbaatar; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04The nation set and displayed federal short name follow the current State Department independent-states register, dated August 11, 2026.
Area: 1,564,116 sq km; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Final CIA source data preserved by a community mirror after the Factbook was retired; the mirror is not the issuing authority.
Population: 3,568,978; World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.POP.TOTL. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Source footnote: Extrapolated assuming the same growth rate as previous year. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Currency: togrog/tugriks (MNT); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Currency label extracted from the Factbook exchange-rate field.
Languages: Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Factbook language listing reproduced without inferring official status beyond the source wording.
Nationality / demonym: noun: Mongolian(s); adjective: Mongolian; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04The source’s noun and adjective forms are retained. These are language labels, not evidence of any individual person’s citizenship.
Government: semi-presidential republic; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
UN membership: 1961-10-27; United Nations, Member States · as of 2026-09-04
Continent: Asia; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Continental label standardized from the archived profile region “East and Southeast Asia.”
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Religions: Buddhist 51.8%, no religion 40.6%, Muslim 3.2%, Shaman 2.5%, Christian 1.3%, Other 0.6% (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Flag colors: red, blue, yellow; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Colors extracted from the flag description in the preserved final CIA profile.
National symbol: Soyombo character (from the Soyombo writing system); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) · 14,350 ft (4,374 m); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Lowest point: Hoh Nuur · 1,837 ft (560 m); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-09Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
NATO membership: Not a member; NATO, What is NATO? · as of 2026-09-06Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
BRICS membership: Not a member; BRICS Brazil, About the BRICS · as of 2026-09-06Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.

Preserved public-domain record · not maintained current data

Final CIA World Factbook profile

This is the preserved historical baseline from the Factbook’s final public snapshot. It is presented as the CIA stated it, not as a current Standard American Almanac finding. Current, independently maintained facts appear above when available.

CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · profile updated 2026-01-09 · pinned source record · commit d81154954b8b

Introduction1 fields

Background: The peoples of Mongolia have a long history under a number of nomadic empires dating back to the Xiongnu in the 4th century B.C., and the name Mongol goes back to at least the 11th century A.D. The most famous Mongol, TEMÜÜJIN (aka Genghis Khan), emerged as the ruler of all Mongols in the early 1200s. By the time of his death in 1227, he had created through conquest a Mongol Empire that extended across much of Eurasia. His descendants, including ÖGÖDEI and KHUBILAI (aka Kublai Khan), continued to conquer Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the rest of China, where KHUBILAI established the Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan and Java before their empire broke apart in the 14th century. In the 17th century, Mongolia fell under the rule of the Manchus of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. After Manchu rule collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, finally winning it in 1921 with help from the Soviet Union. Mongolia became a socialist state (the Mongolian People’s Republic) in 1924. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, Mongolia was a Soviet satellite state and relied heavily on economic, military, and political assistance from Moscow. The period was also marked by purges, political repression, economic stagnation, and tensions with China. Mongolia peacefully transitioned to an independent democracy in 1990. In 1992, it adopted a new constitution and established a free-market economy. Since the country's transition, it has conducted a series of successful presidential and legislative elections. Throughout the period, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party -- which took the name Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) in 2010 -- has competed for political power with the Democratic Party and several other smaller parties. For most of its democratic history, Mongolia has had a divided government, with the presidency and the parliamentary majority held by different parties but that changed in 2021, when the MPP won the presidency after having secured a supermajority in parliament in 2020. Mongolia’s June 2021 presidential election delivered a decisive victory for MPP candidate Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH. Mongolia maintains close cultural, political, and military ties with Russia, while China is its largest economic partner. Mongolia’s foreign relations are focused on preserving its autonomy by balancing relations with China and Russia, as well as its other major partners, Japan, South Korea, and the US.; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Geography19 fields

Location: Northern Asia, between China and Russia; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 105 00 E; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Map references: Asia; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Area: total : 1,564,116 sq km land: 1,553,556 sq km water: 10,560 sq km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Land boundaries: total: 8,082 km border countries (2): China 4,630 km; Russia 3,452 km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Maritime claims: none (landlocked); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Elevation: highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m mean elevation: 1,528 m; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Land use: agricultural land: 69% (2023 est.) arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.) forest: 9.1% (2023 est.) other: 21.9% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Irrigated land: 796 sq km (2022); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s): Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km; salt water lake(s): Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Major rivers (by length in km): Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Population distribution: population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Natural hazards: dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Geography - note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

People and Society36 fields

Population: total: 3,281,676 (2024 est.) male: 1,595,596 female: 1,686,080; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Ethnic groups: Khalkh 83.8%, Kazak 3.8%, Durvud 2.6%, Bayad 2%, Buriad 1.4%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1.1%, other 4.1% (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Languages: Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999) major-language sample(s): Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Religions: Buddhist 51.8%, no religion 40.6%, Muslim 3.2%, Shaman 2.5%, Christian 1.3%, Other 0.6% (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Age structure: 0-14 years: 25.7% (male 429,867/female 412,943) 15-64 years: 68.4% (male 1,087,487/female 1,156,547) 65 years and over: 5.9% (2024 est.) (male 78,242/female 116,590); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 59.1 (2024 est.) youth dependency ratio: 50.2 (2024 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 8.9 (2024 est.) potential support ratio: 11.2 (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Median age: total: 28.8 years (2025 est.) male: 30.1 years female: 32.8 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Population growth rate: 1.08% (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Birth rate: 18.01 births/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Death rate: 5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Net migration rate: -1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Population distribution: population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Urbanization: urban population: 69.1% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Major urban areas - population: 1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Mother's mean age at first birth: 20.5 years (2008 est.) note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-24; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Maternal mortality ratio: 41 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Infant mortality rate: total: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 22.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 16.2 deaths/1,000 live births; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.9 years (2024 est.) male: 67.8 years female: 76.3 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Gross reproduction rate: 1.27 (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Drinking water source: urban: 94.2% of population (2022 est.) rural: 59.7% of population (2022 est.) total: 83.5% of population (2022 est.) urban: 5.8% of population (2022 est.) rural: 40.3% of population (2022 est.) total: 16.5% of population (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Health expenditure: 6.9% of GDP (2021) 9.2% of national budget (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Physician density: 4.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Hospital bed density: 10.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Sanitation facility access: urban: 97.8% of population (2022 est.) rural: 78.7% of population (2022 est.) total: 91.9% of population (2022 est.) urban: 2.2% of population (2022 est.) rural: 21.3% of population (2022 est.) total: 8.1% of population (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 20.6% (2016); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Tobacco use: total: 28.9% (2025 est.) male: 51.9% (2025 est.) female: 7.2% (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.9% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 60.2% (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.9% (2018) women married by age 18: 12% (2018) men married by age 18: 2.1% (2018); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Education expenditure: 3.7% of GDP (2023 est.) 13.8% national budget (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Literacy: total population: 98.6% (2023 est.) male: 98.3% (2023 est.) female: 98.9% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years (2023 est.) male: 13 years (2023 est.) female: 14 years (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Environment11 fields

Environmental issues: limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar; soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing; water pollution; desertification; effects from mining; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
International environmental agreements: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Land use: agricultural land: 69% (2023 est.) arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.) forest: 9.1% (2023 est.) other: 21.9% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Urbanization: urban population: 69.1% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Carbon dioxide emissions: 19.203 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.489 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 5.714 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Particulate matter emissions: 41.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Methane emissions: energy: 532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 525.2 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 14.2 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 2.9 kt (2019-2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.9 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 166.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 250.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Total renewable water resources: 34.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Government23 fields

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic etymology: name comes from the Mongol people, whose name derives from the Mongol root word mengu or mongu, meaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Government type: semi-presidential republic; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Capital: name: Ulaanbaatar geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September time zone note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC) etymology: the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that, with Soviet help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Administrative divisions: 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Legal system: civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992 amendment process: proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Executive branch: chief of state: President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Gombojavyn ZANDANSHATAR (since 13 June 2025) cabinet: Cabinet directly appointed by the prime minister election/appointment process: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for one 6-year term; following legislative elections, the State Great Hural usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister most recent election date: 9 June 2021 election results: 2021: Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH elected president in first round; percent of vote - Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (MPP) 68%, Dangaasuren ENKHBAT (RPEC) 20.1%, Sodnomzundui ERDENE (DP) 6% 2017: Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%, Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%, invalid 1.4%; percent of vote in second round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8% expected date of next election: 2027; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Legislative branch: legislature name: State Great Hural (Ulsiin Ih Hural) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 126 (all directly elected) electoral system: mixed system scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 6/28/2024 parties elected and seats per party: Mongolian People's Party (MPP) (68); Democratic Party (DP) (42); HUN Party (8); Other (8) percentage of women in chamber: 25.4% expected date of next election: June 2028; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the General Council of Courts -- a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials -- to the State Great Hural; appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term subordinate courts: aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Political parties: Democratic Party or DP Mongolian People's Party or MPP National Coalition (consists of Mongolian Green Party or MGP and the Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP) National Labor Party or HUN Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador BATBAYAR Ulziidelger (since 1 December 2021) chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 email address and website: washington@mfa.gov.mn http://mongolianembassy.us/ consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard L. BUANGAN (since November 2022) embassy: Denver Street #3, 11th Micro-District, Ulaanbaatar 14190 mailing address: 4410 Ulaanbaatar Place, Washington DC 20521-4410 telephone: [976] 7007-6001 FAX: [976] 7007-6174 email address and website: UlaanbaatarACS@state.gov https://mn.usembassy.gov/; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
International organization participation: ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Independence: 29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
National holiday: Naadam (games) holiday, 11-15 July; Constitution Day, 26 November (1924) note: the first holiday commemorates independence from China in the 1921 Revolution, and the second marks the date that the Mongolian People's Republic was created under a new constitution; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Flag: description: three equal vertical bands of red (left side), blue, and red; centered on the left-side red band is the national emblem in yellow, the soyombo, which is an abstract representation of fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol meaning: blue stands for the sky, and red for progress and prosperity; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
National symbol(s): Soyombo character (from the Soyombo writing system); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
National color(s): red, blue, yellow; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
National anthem(s): title: "Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) lyrics/music: Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ history: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 6 (4 cultural, 2 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c); Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c); Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Economy31 fields

Economic overview: lower middle-income East Asian economy; large human capital improvements over last 3 decades; agricultural and natural resource rich; export and consumption-led growth; high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices; currency depreciation; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $59.221 billion (2024 est.) $56.474 billion (2023 est.) $52.572 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Real GDP growth rate: 4.9% (2024 est.) 7.4% (2023 est.) 5% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Real GDP per capita: $16,800 (2024 est.) $16,200 (2023 est.) $15,300 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
GDP (official exchange rate): $23.586 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.8% (2024 est.) 10.3% (2023 est.) 15.1% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 7.4% (2024 est.) industry: 38.1% (2024 est.) services: 44.2% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 49.8% (2024 est.) government consumption: 16.3% (2024 est.) investment in fixed capital: 26.8% (2024 est.) investment in inventories: 7.8% (2024 est.) exports of goods and services: 69.1% (2024 est.) imports of goods and services: -69.8% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Agricultural products: milk, wheat, lamb/mutton, potatoes, beef, carrots/turnips, goat milk, goat meat, bison milk, horse meat (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Industries: construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Industrial production growth rate: 6.5% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Labor force: 1.449 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Unemployment rate: 5.5% (2024 est.) 5.6% (2023 est.) 6.3% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 13.8% (2024 est.) male: 15.9% (2024 est.) female: 10.8% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Population below poverty line: 27.1% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 31.4 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.4% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 24.6% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Remittances: 2.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.3% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.1% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Budget: revenues: $4.721 billion (2021 est.) expenditures: $5.623 billion (2021 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Public debt: 67.6% of GDP (2021 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Taxes and other revenues: 16.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Current account balance: $121.266 million (2023 est.) -$2.303 billion (2022 est.) -$2.108 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Exports: $15.501 billion (2023 est.) $10.989 billion (2022 est.) $8.95 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Exports - partners: China 92%, Switzerland 6%, Italy 1%, Thailand 0%, Japan 0% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Exports - commodities: coal, copper ore, gold, iron ore, crude petroleum (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Imports: $13.545 billion (2023 est.) $12.112 billion (2022 est.) $9.256 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Imports - partners: China 57%, Japan 13%, Germany 3%, Singapore 3%, USA 3% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Imports - commodities: cars, trucks, trailers, tractors, construction vehicles (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $5.508 billion (2024 est.) $4.916 billion (2023 est.) $3.398 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Debt - external: $8.379 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Exchange rates: togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 3,389.982 (2024 est.) 3,465.737 (2023 est.) 3,140.678 (2022 est.) 2,849.289 (2021 est.) 2,813.29 (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Energy6 fields

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 1.51 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 8.997 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 24 million kWh (2023 est.) imports: 2.224 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 1.113 billion kWh (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 90.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 2.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Coal: production: 64.824 million metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 55.884 million metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 900 metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 2.52 billion metric tons (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Energy consumption per capita: 67.132 million Btu/person (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Communications6 fields

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 524,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 4.84 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 142 (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Broadcast media: state-run radio and TV provider is now a public-service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Internet country code: .mn; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Internet users: percent of population: 83% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 499,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Transportation4 fields

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: JU; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Airports: 37 (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Railways: total: 1,815 km (2017) broad gauge: 1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Merchant marine: total: 318 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 8, container ship 8, general cargo 151, oil tanker 58, other 93; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Military and Security7 fields

Military and security forces: Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Land Force, Air Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Construction-Engineering Forces (2025) note: the National Police Agency and the General Authority for Border Protection, which operate under the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, are primarily responsible for internal security; they are assisted by the General Intelligence Agency under the prime minister; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Military expenditures: 0.7% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; estimated 10-20,000 active Mongolian Armed Forces (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the MAF's inventory is comprised largely of Soviet-era and secondhand Russian equipment (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; initial service 24 months; compulsory service for men at 18; service obligation is 12 months in the military or police, which can be extended to 15 months under special circumstances; compulsory service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Military deployments: 850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025) note: since 2002, Mongolia has deployed more than 20,000 peacekeepers and observers to UN operations in more than a dozen countries; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source
Military - note: the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) are responsible for ensuring the country's independence, security, and territorial integrity, as well as supporting Mongolia's developmental goals and diplomacy; it has a range of missions, including counterterrorism, international peacekeeping duties, and assisting the internal security forces in providing emergency aid and disaster relief; Mongolia hosts an annual international peacekeeping exercise known as “Khaan Quest”; it has no formal military alliances, but has defense ties and conducts training exercises with several regional countries and others, such as China, India, Russia, and the US Mongolia actively cooperates with NATO on issues such as counterterrorism, nonproliferation, and cybersecurity through an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Program; it supported the NATO-led Kosovo Force from 2005-2007 and contributed troops to the NATO-led missions in Afghanistan from 2009-2021; Mongolia also is an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

Transnational Issues1 fields

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 26 (2024 est.) IDPs: 22 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 17 (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-09 · source

The underlying United States government material is public domain. The Almanac’s reuse terms do not change the legal status of this preserved source layer.

Mongolia at a glance

Mongolia through time

Admitted to the United Nations

Changes since the final CIA profile

People, economy, and access

Maintained profile