World · permanent entity record · MU
Oman
Thirty-second orientation
Oman at a glance
- Nationality / demonym
- noun: Omani(s); adjective: Omani
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
- Government
- absolute monarchy
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
- Languages
- Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Swahili, Urdu, Indian dialects
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Independently structured milestones · not a complete national history
Oman through time
Admitted to the United Nations
Oman became a member of the United Nations.
United Nations, Member States · source checked 2026-09-04
Source history · changed fields only
Changes since the final CIA profile
| Field | Maintained Almanac value | Final CIA profile |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 5,494,691World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025 | total: 3,969,824 (2025 est.) male: 2,130,080 female: 1,839,744CIA World Factbook · as of 2026-01-18 |
A difference may reflect a newer observation, a revised estimate, or a different source definition. This table reports the values and dates; it does not manufacture a trend.
World Development Indicators · latest available observation
People, economy, and access
Observation years vary by measure. Each row identifies the series and year instead of presenting unlike dates as one current snapshot.
- Gross domestic product
- $109.6 billion
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Gross domestic product per person
- $19,947
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Life expectancy at birth
- 80.2 years
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Urban population
- 79.5%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Access to electricity
- 100.0%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. Underlying providers: World Bank ESMAP, Tracking SDG 7. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- People using the internet
- 95.3%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS. Underlying providers: International Telecommunication Union. Source footnote: Source and notes: Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology, Retrieved 2026-09-08.
World Development Indicators data are provided under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The linked indicator metadata identifies the underlying statistical providers.
Maintained profile
- Capital
- Muscat
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · The nation set and displayed federal short name follow the current State Department independent-states register, dated August 11, 2026.
- Area
- 309,500 sq km
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Final CIA source data preserved by a community mirror after the Factbook was retired; the mirror is not the issuing authority.
- Population
- 5,494,691
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.POP.TOTL. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Currency
- Omani rials (OMR)
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Currency label extracted from the Factbook exchange-rate field.
- Languages
- Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Swahili, Urdu, Indian dialects
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Factbook language listing reproduced without inferring official status beyond the source wording.
- Nationality / demonym
- noun: Omani(s); adjective: Omani
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · The source’s noun and adjective forms are retained. These are language labels, not evidence of any individual person’s citizenship.
- Continent
- Asia
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Continental label standardized from the archived profile region “Middle East.”
- Coastline
- 2,092 km
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Climate
- dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Religions
- Muslim 85.9%, Christian 6.4%, Hindu 5.7%, other and unaffiliated 2% (2020 est.) note: Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Flag colors
- white, red, green
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Colors extracted from the flag description in the preserved final CIA profile.
- National symbol
- khanjar dagger on top of two crossed swords
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Highest point
- Jabal Shams · 9,856 ft (3,004 m)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Lowest point
- Arabian Sea · 0 ft (0 m)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- NATO membership
- Not a member
- NATO, What is NATO? · Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
- BRICS membership
- Not a member
- BRICS Brazil, About the BRICS · Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
Preserved public-domain record · not maintained current data
Final CIA World Factbook profile
This is the preserved historical baseline from the Factbook’s final public snapshot. It is presented as the CIA stated it, not as a current Standard American Almanac finding. Current, independently maintained facts appear above when available.
CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · profile updated · pinned source record · commit d81154954b8b
Introduction1 fields
- Background
- The inhabitants of the area of present-day Oman have long prospered from Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, although the sultanate never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said overthrew his father and ruled as sultan for the next five decades. His extensive modernization program opened the country to the outside world. He prioritized strategic ties to the UK and US, and his moderate, independent foreign policy allowed Oman to maintain good relations with its neighbors and avoid external entanglements. In 2011, the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa inspired demonstrations in Oman that called for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response, QABOOS implemented economic and political reforms such as granting Oman’s legislative body more power and authorizing direct elections for its lower house. Additionally, the sultan increased unemployment benefits and issued a royal directive mandating a national public- and private-sector job creation plan. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in 2012. QABOOS, Oman's longest reigning monarch, died in 2020. His cousin, HAYTHAM bin Tariq Al Said, former Minister of Heritage and Culture, was sworn in as Oman's new sultan the same day.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Geography18 fields
- Location
- Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and the UAE
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Area
- total : 309,500 sq km land: 309,500 sq km water: 0 sq km
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land boundaries
- total: 1,561 km border countries (3): Saudi Arabia 658 km; UAE 609 km; Yemen 294 km
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Maritime claims
- territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Climate
- dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Terrain
- central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Elevation
- highest point: Jabal Shams 3,004 m lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m mean elevation: 310 m
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural resources
- petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land use
- agricultural land: 4.8% (2023 est.) arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 4.4% (2023 est.) forest: 0% (2023 est.) other: 95.2% (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Population distribution
- the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely populated
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural hazards
- summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Geography - note
- consists of Oman proper and two northern exclaves, Musandam and Al Madhah; the former is a peninsula that occupies a strategic location adjacent to the Strait of Hormuz
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
People and Society34 fields
- Population
- total: 3,969,824 (2025 est.) male: 2,130,080 female: 1,839,744
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Ethnic groups
- Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Languages
- Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Swahili, Urdu, Indian dialects major-language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Religions
- Muslim 85.9%, Christian 6.4%, Hindu 5.7%, other and unaffiliated 2% (2020 est.) note: Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Age structure
- 0-14 years: 29.8% (male 594,909/female 566,682) 15-64 years: 66.2% (male 1,428,141/female 1,155,438) 65 years and over: 4% (2024 est.) (male 73,076/female 83,746)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Dependency ratios
- total dependency ratio: 50.8 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 44.6 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 6.2 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 16.2 (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Median age
- total: 27.5 years (2025 est.) male: 28.1 years female: 26.3 years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Birth rate
- 20.65 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Death rate
- 3.17 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Net migration rate
- -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Population distribution
- the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely populated
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Urbanization
- urban population: 88.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Major urban areas - population
- 1.650 million MUSCAT (capital) (2023)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Sex ratio
- at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.24 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female total population: 1.16 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Maternal mortality ratio
- 13 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Infant mortality rate
- total: 13.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.6 deaths/1,000 live births
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Life expectancy at birth
- total population: 77.4 years (2024 est.) male: 75.5 years female: 79.4 years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total fertility rate
- 2.61 children born/woman (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Drinking water source
- urban: 94.7% of population (2022 est.) rural: 76.3% of population (2022 est.) total: 92.4% of population (2022 est.) urban: 5.3% of population (2022 est.) rural: 23.7% of population (2022 est.) total: 7.6% of population (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Health expenditure
- 4.4% of GDP (2021) 8.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Physician density
- 1.99 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Hospital bed density
- 1.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Sanitation facility access
- urban: 100% of population (2022 est.) rural: 100% of population (2022 est.) total: 100% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0% of population (2022 est.) rural: 0% of population (2022 est.) total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Alcohol consumption per capita
- total: 0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Tobacco use
- total: 11.6% (2025 est.) male: 17.9% (2025 est.) female: 0.4% (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Children under the age of 5 years underweight
- 11.2% (2017 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Currently married women (ages 15-49)
- 55.8% (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Education expenditure
- 4.3% of GDP (2022 est.) 14.2% national budget (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Literacy
- total population: 97.3% (2022 est.) male: 98.6% (2022 est.) female: 94.9% (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
- total: 13 years (2021 est.) male: 13 years (2021 est.) female: 14 years (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Environment11 fields
- Environmental issues
- limited natural freshwater resources; high levels of soil and water salinity in the coastal plains; beach pollution from oil spills; industrial effluents in the water table and aquifers; desertification due to high winds driving desert sand into arable lands
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International environmental agreements
- party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Climate
- dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land use
- agricultural land: 4.8% (2023 est.) arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 4.4% (2023 est.) forest: 0% (2023 est.) other: 95.2% (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Urbanization
- urban population: 88.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Carbon dioxide emissions
- 84.073 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 661,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 28.611 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 54.8 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Particulate matter emissions
- 34.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Methane emissions
- energy: 673.6 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 36.8 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 62.4 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 9.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Waste and recycling
- municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.308 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13.9% (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total water withdrawal
- municipal: 130 million cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 238 million cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 1.547 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total renewable water resources
- 1.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Government25 fields
- Country name
- conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman conventional short form: Oman local long form: Saltanat Uman local short form: Uman former: Sultanate of Muscat and Oman etymology: the origin of the name is uncertain, but it may date back at least 2,000 years, with an "Omana" mentioned by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.) and an "Omanon" by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.); it is said to derive from Oman ben Ibrahim al Khalil (Oman ben Kahtan), who founded the state
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Capital
- name: Muscat geographic coordinates: 23 37 N, 58 35 E time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the name derives from the Arabic name for the city, Masqat, which is said to mean "hidden" and refers to the range of hills that isolate the port city from the rest of the country
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Administrative divisions
- 11 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafaza); Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Buraymi, Al Wusta, Az Zahirah, Janub al Batinah (Al Batinah South), Janub ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah South), Masqat (Muscat), Musandam, Shamal al Batinah (Al Batinah North), Shamal ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah North), Zufar (Dhofar)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legal system
- mixed system of Anglo-Saxon law and Islamic law
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Constitution
- history: promulgated by royal decree 6 November 1996 (the Basic Law of the Sultanate of Oman serves as the constitution); amended by royal decree in 2011 amendment process: promulgated by the sultan or proposed by the Council of Oman and drafted by a technical committee as stipulated by royal decree and then promulgated through royal decree
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International law organization participation
- has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Citizenship
- citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Oman dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Suffrage
- 21 years of age; universal note: members of the military and security forces by law cannot vote
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Executive branch
- chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister HAITHAM bin Tarik Al Said (since 11 January 2020) head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister HAITHAM bin Tarik Al Said (since 11 January 2020) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch note: the monarch is both chief of state and head of government
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legislative branch
- legislature name: Majles legislative structure: bicameral
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legislative branch - lower chamber
- chamber name: Shura Council (Majles A'Shura) number of seats: 90 (all directly elected) electoral system: other systems scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 11/1/2023 percentage of women in chamber: 0% expected date of next election: October 2027
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legislative branch - upper chamber
- chamber name: State Council (Majles Addawla) number of seats: 87 (all appointed) scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 10/29/2023 percentage of women in chamber: 20.9% expected date of next election: November 2027
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Judicial branch
- highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 5 judges) judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the 9-member Supreme Judicial Council (chaired by the monarch) and appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; magistrates' courts; military courts
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Political parties
- note: organized political parties are banned in Oman, and loyalties tend to form around tribal affiliations
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission: Ambassador Talal Sulaiman AL-RAHBI (since 24 July 2025) chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980 FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933 email address and website: washington@fm.gov.om Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Washington, USA - FM.gov.om
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission: Ambassador Ana ESCROGIMA (since 4 December 2023) embassy: P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat mailing address: 6220 Muscat Place, Washington DC 20521 telephone: [968] 2464-3400 FAX: [968] 2464-3740 email address and website: ConsularMuscat@state.gov https://om.usembassy.gov/
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International organization participation
- ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National holiday
- National Day, 18 November note: celebrates Oman's independence from Portugal in 1650 and the birthday of Sultan QABOOS bin Said al Said, who reigned from 1970 to 2020
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Flag
- description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), red, and green, with a vertical red band on the left side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath on top of crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band meaning: white stands for peace and prosperity, red for battles against foreign invaders, and green for the Jebel al Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National symbol(s)
- khanjar dagger on top of two crossed swords
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National anthem(s)
- title: "Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani" (The Sultan's Anthem) lyrics/music: Rashid bin Uzayyiz al KHUSAIDI/James Frederick MILLS, arranged by Bernard EBBINGHAUS history: adopted 1932; new lyrics written after QABOOS bin Said al Said came to power in 1970; first performed by the band of the HMS Hawkins as a salute to the Sultan during a 1932 visit to Muscat; the ship's bandmaster did the arrangement
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National heritage
- total World Heritage Sites: 5 (all cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Bahla Fort; Archaeological Sites of Bat; Land of Frankincense; Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman; Ancient Qalhat
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Economy27 fields
- Economic overview
- high-income, oil-based economy; large welfare system; growing government debt; citizenship-based labor force growth policy; US free trade agreement; diversifying portfolio; high female labor force participation
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
- $193.591 billion (2024 est.) $190.403 billion (2023 est.) $188.169 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP growth rate
- 1.7% (2024 est.) 1.2% (2023 est.) 8% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP per capita
- $36,700 (2024 est.) $37,700 (2023 est.) $39,800 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP (official exchange rate)
- $106.943 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Inflation rate (consumer prices)
- 1% (2023 est.) 2.5% (2022 est.) 1.7% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP - composition, by sector of origin
- agriculture: 2.6% (2024 est.) industry: 54.2% (2024 est.) services: 46.5% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP - composition, by end use
- household consumption: 37.8% (2023 est.) government consumption: 19.1% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 24.3% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: 2.4% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 61.1% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -44.8% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Agricultural products
- vegetables, dates, milk, tomatoes, sorghum, chillies/peppers, goat milk, cucumbers/gherkins, cantaloupes/melons, cabbages (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Industries
- crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Industrial production growth rate
- 0.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Labor force
- 2.696 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Unemployment rate
- 3.2% (2024 est.) 3.2% (2023 est.) 3.3% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
- total: 13.9% (2024 est.) male: 11% (2024 est.) female: 30.9% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Average household expenditures
- on food: 18.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 0.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Remittances
- 0% of GDP (2023 est.) 0% of GDP (2022 est.) 0% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Budget
- revenues: $29.334 billion (2018 est.) expenditures: $35.984 billion (2018 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Public debt
- 46.9% of GDP (2017 est.) note: excludes indebtedness of state-owned enterprises
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Current account balance
- $2.638 billion (2023 est.) $4.362 billion (2022 est.) -$4.836 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports
- $64.749 billion (2023 est.) $69.483 billion (2022 est.) $46.572 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports - partners
- China 43%, India 6%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 5%, South Africa 4% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports - commodities
- crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, semi-finished iron, fertilizers (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports
- $47.412 billion (2023 est.) $46.682 billion (2022 est.) $37.216 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports - partners
- UAE 25%, Saudi Arabia 12%, India 8%, China 7%, Qatar 5% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports - commodities
- refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, iron ore, iron pipes (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
- $18.287 billion (2024 est.) $17.455 billion (2023 est.) $17.606 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exchange rates
- Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar - 0.384 (2024 est.) 0.384 (2023 est.) 0.384 (2022 est.) 0.384 (2021 est.) 0.384 (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Energy7 fields
- Electricity access
- electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Electricity
- installed generating capacity: 11.589 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 40.738 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 4.267 billion kWh (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Electricity generation sources
- fossil fuels: 96% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Coal
- consumption: 82,000 metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 70,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 323,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Petroleum
- total petroleum production: 1.056 million bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 218,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 5.373 billion barrels (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural gas
- production: 41.726 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 28.646 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 15.536 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 1.924 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 651.287 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Energy consumption per capita
- 296.586 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Communications6 fields
- Telephones - fixed lines
- total subscriptions: 579,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Telephones - mobile cellular
- total subscriptions: 6.35 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121 (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Broadcast media
- 1 state-run TV broadcaster; TV stations transmitting from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, and Yemen available via satellite TV; state-run radio operates multiple stations; first private radio station began operating in 2007, and several additional stations now operating (2019)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Internet users
- percent of population: 95% (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Broadband - fixed subscriptions
- total: 562,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Transportation5 fields
- Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
- A4O
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Merchant marine
- total: 57 (2023) by type: general cargo 11, other 46
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Ports
- total ports: 7 (2024) large: 0 medium: 1 small: 4 very small: 2 ports with oil terminals: 6 key ports: Duqm, Khawr Khasab, Mina Al Fahl, Mina Raysut, Sohar
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Military and Security6 fields
- Military and security forces
- Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF): Royal Army of Oman (RAO), Royal Navy of Oman (RNO), Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO), Royal Guard of Oman (RGO), Sultan's Special Forces Royal Oman Police (ROP): Civil Defense, Immigration, Infrastructure Security Police, Coast Guard Police, Special Security Police, Special Task Force (2024) note: in addition to its policing duties, the ROP conducts many administrative functions similar to the responsibilities of a Ministry of Interior in other countries
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military expenditures
- 6% of GDP (2024 est.) 5.5% of GDP (2023 est.) 5.5% of GDP (2022 est.) 8% of GDP (2021 est.) 11% of GDP (2020 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military and security service personnel strengths
- approximately 40,000 active Sultan's Armed Forces (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
- the SAF's inventory includes a mix of older and some more modern weapons systems from a variety of suppliers, particularly the UK and the US; other suppliers have included China, EU countries, South Africa, and Türkiye (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military service age and obligation
- 18-25 for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2025) note: women have served since 2011
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military - note
- the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) are responsible for defending the country, ensuring internal security, and protecting the monarchy; it trains with foreign partners such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the UK, and the US; the SAF has a security relationship with the British military going back to the 18th century; today, the SAF and the British maintain a joint training base in Oman, and the British military uses the facilities at Al Duqm Port; in 2019, the US obtained access to the port, expanding on previous military cooperation agreements in 2014, 2010, and 1980; Oman also allows other nations to use some of its maritime facilities, including China; the SAF is part of the Peninsula Shield Forces, a joint military force established by the GCC countries with the aim of maintaining security and stability in the region Oman's naval forces conduct maritime security operations along the country’s long coastline, including patrolling, ensuring freedom of navigation in the key naval chokepoint of the Strait of Hormuz, and countering piracy and smuggling; Oman participates in the US-led, multinational Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), which operates multinational task forces conducting maritime security in regional waters (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Terrorism1 fields
- Terrorist group(s)
- Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Transnational Issues1 fields
- Refugees and internally displaced persons
- refugees: 714 (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
The underlying United States government material is public domain. The Almanac’s reuse terms do not change the legal status of this preserved source layer.