World · permanent entity record · RO

Romania

Thirty-second orientation

Romania at a glance

Capital: Bucharest; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Population: 19,020,271; World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025
Area: 238,391 sq km; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Nationality / demonym: noun: Romanian(s); adjective: Romanian; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Government: semi-presidential republic; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04

Independently structured milestones · not a complete national history

Romania through time

1955-12-14
Admitted to the United Nations
Romania became a member of the United Nations.
United Nations, Member States · source checked 2026-09-04

Source history · changed fields only

Changes since the final CIA profile

Field	Maintained Almanac value	Final CIA profile
Population	19,020,271World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025	total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.) male: 8,747,795 female: 9,400,360CIA World Factbook · as of 2026-01-12

A difference may reflect a newer observation, a revised estimate, or a different source definition. This table reports the values and dates; it does not manufacture a trend.

World Development Indicators · latest available observation

People, economy, and access

Observation years vary by measure. Each row identifies the series and year instead of presenting unlike dates as one current snapshot.

Gross domestic product: $428.7 billion; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Gross domestic product per person: $22,538; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Life expectancy at birth: 76.5 years; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Urban population: 52.2%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Access to electricity: 100.0%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. Underlying providers: World Bank ESMAP, Tracking SDG 7. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
People using the internet: 91.3%; World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS. Underlying providers: International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 2026-09-08.

World Development Indicators data are provided under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The linked indicator metadata identifies the underlying statistical providers.

Maintained profile

Capital: Bucharest; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04The nation set and displayed federal short name follow the current State Department independent-states register, dated August 11, 2026.
Area: 238,391 sq km; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Final CIA source data preserved by a community mirror after the Factbook was retired; the mirror is not the issuing authority.
Population: 19,020,271; World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.POP.TOTL. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
Currency: lei (RON); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Currency label extracted from the Factbook exchange-rate field.
Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04Factbook language listing reproduced without inferring official status beyond the source wording.
Nationality / demonym: noun: Romanian(s); adjective: Romanian; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04The source’s noun and adjective forms are retained. These are language labels, not evidence of any individual person’s citizenship.
Government: semi-presidential republic; CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
UN membership: 1955-12-14; United Nations, Member States · as of 2026-09-04
Continent: Europe; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Continental label standardized from the archived profile region “Europe.”
Coastline: 225 km; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Flag colors: blue, yellow, red; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Colors extracted from the flag description in the preserved final CIA profile.
National symbol: golden eagle; CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Highest point: Moldoveanu · 8,346 ft (2,544 m); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
Lowest point: Black Sea · 0 ft (0 m); CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · as of 2026-01-12Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
NATO membership: Member; NATO, What is NATO? · as of 2026-09-06Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
BRICS membership: Not a member; BRICS Brazil, About the BRICS · as of 2026-09-06Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.

Preserved public-domain record · not maintained current data

Final CIA World Factbook profile

This is the preserved historical baseline from the Factbook’s final public snapshot. It is presented as the CIA stated it, not as a current Standard American Almanac finding. Current, independently maintained facts appear above when available.

CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · profile updated 2026-01-12 · pinned source record · commit d81154954b8b

Introduction1 fields

Background: The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Geography19 fields

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Map references: Europe; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Area: total : 238,391 sq km land: 229,891 sq km water: 8,500 sq km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Area - comparative: twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Land boundaries: total: 2,844 km border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Coastline: 225 km; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Elevation: highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m lowest point: Black Sea 0 m mean elevation: 414 m; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Land use: agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.) arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.) forest: 30.2% (2023 est.) other: 14.5% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Irrigated land: 5,280 sq km (2022); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Major rivers (by length in km): Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Natural hazards: earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Geography - note: controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

People and Society35 fields

Population: total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.) male: 8,747,795 female: 9,400,360; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Nationality: noun: Romanian(s) adjective: Romanian; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.) major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Age structure: 0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304) 15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718) 65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 61.3 (2024 est.) youth dependency ratio: 24.9 (2024 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 36.4 (2024 est.) potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Median age: total: 45.8 years (2025 est.) male: 44 years female: 46.9 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Population growth rate: -0.86% (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Birth rate: 8.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Death rate: 14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Net migration rate: -2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Urbanization: urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Major urban areas - population: 1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.1 years (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Infant mortality rate: total: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.) male: 73.4 years female: 80.5 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Gross reproduction rate: 0.79 (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Drinking water source: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.) rural: 100% of population (2022 est.) total: 100% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0% of population (2022 est.) rural: 0% of population (2022 est.) total: 0% of population (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Health expenditure: 6.5% of GDP (2021) 11.2% of national budget (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Physician density: 3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Hospital bed density: 7.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Sanitation facility access: urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.) rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.) total: 88.5% of population (2022 est.) urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.) rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.) total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 22.5% (2016); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Tobacco use: total: 26.7% (2025 est.) male: 36.2% (2025 est.) female: 17.9% (2025 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 56% (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.5% (2021) women married by age 18: 6.9% (2021); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Education expenditure: 3.3% of GDP (2022 est.) 8.8% national budget (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Literacy: total population: 99.2% (2021 est.) male: 99% (2021 est.) female: 99.3% (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years (2023 est.) male: 13 years (2023 est.) female: 14 years (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Environment12 fields

Environmental issues: soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
International environmental agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Land use: agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.) arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.) forest: 30.2% (2023 est.) other: 14.5% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Urbanization: urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Carbon dioxide emissions: 61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Particulate matter emissions: 14.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Methane emissions: energy: 325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.42 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 1.256 billion cubic meters (2022) industrial: 3.94 billion cubic meters (2022) agricultural: 2.955 billion cubic meters (2022); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Total renewable water resources: 212.01 billion cubic meters (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks: 2 global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Government25 fields

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania etymology: the name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Government type: semi-presidential republic; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Capital: name: Bucharest geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Administrative divisions: 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Legal system: civil law system; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991 amendment process: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Executive branch: chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025) head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament most recent election date: 18 May 2025 election results: 2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4% 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9% expected date of next election: 2030 note: the prime ministerial position will be rotated in 2027 from BOLOJAN to another coalition party member as part of a power-sharing agreement; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Legislative branch: legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României) legislative structure: bicameral; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor) number of seats: 331 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 12/1/2024 parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22) percentage of women in chamber: 22.4% expected date of next election: November 2028; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name: Senate (Senatul) number of seats: 136 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 12/1/2024 parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7) percentage of women in chamber: 20.9% expected date of next election: November 2028; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Judicial branch: highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Political parties: Alliance for the Fatherland or APP Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD Civic Hungarian Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR Ecologist Party of Romania or PER Force of the Right or FD Greater Romania Party or PRM Green Party National Liberal Party or PNL Popular Movement Party or PMP PRO Romania or PRO Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR Save Romania Union Party or USR Social Democratic Party or PSD Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL) S.O.S. Romania The Right Alternative or AD United Romania Party or PRU We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021) chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 email address and website: washington@mae.ro https://washington.mae.ro/en consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025) embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118 mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300 FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442 email address and website: ACSBucharest@state.gov https://ro.usembassy.gov/; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
National holiday: Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Flag: description: three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red meaning: the colors come from the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania history: modeled on the French flag; the national coat of arms that used to be centered on the yellow band has been removed note: similar to the flag of Chad, which has a darker blue band; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
National symbol(s): golden eagle; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
National color(s): blue, yellow, red; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
National anthem(s): title: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!) lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN history: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Economy31 fields

Economic overview: high-income, EU-member economy; euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators; persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery; skilled labor shortage; high public debt and budget deficit; challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $774.376 billion (2024 est.) $768.126 billion (2023 est.) $750.091 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Real GDP growth rate: 0.8% (2024 est.) 2.4% (2023 est.) 4% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Real GDP per capita: $40,600 (2024 est.) $40,300 (2023 est.) $39,400 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
GDP (official exchange rate): $382.768 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.7% (2024 est.) 10.4% (2023 est.) 13.8% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 3.3% (2024 est.) industry: 25% (2024 est.) services: 62.5% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 63.5% (2024 est.) government consumption: 18.3% (2024 est.) investment in fixed capital: 25.7% (2024 est.) investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.) exports of goods and services: 35.6% (2024 est.) imports of goods and services: -41.7% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Agricultural products: wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Industries: electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Industrial production growth rate: -0.9% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Labor force: 8.263 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Unemployment rate: 5.4% (2024 est.) 5.6% (2023 est.) 5.7% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 21.3% (2024 est.) male: 21.1% (2024 est.) female: 21.8% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Population below poverty line: 21.1% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 32.3 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Average household expenditures: on food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.9% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 22.6% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Remittances: 2.5% of GDP (2024 est.) 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 3% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Budget: revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Public debt: 50.9% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Taxes and other revenues: 16.2% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Current account balance: -$31.988 billion (2024 est.) -$24.461 billion (2023 est.) -$27.326 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Exports: $136.253 billion (2024 est.) $136.488 billion (2023 est.) $129.286 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Exports - partners: Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Exports - commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Imports: $159.575 billion (2024 est.) $153.427 billion (2023 est.) $149.209 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Imports - partners: Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Imports - commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $73.391 billion (2024 est.) $73 billion (2023 est.) $55.81 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Exchange rates: lei (RON) per US dollar - 4.598 (2024 est.) 4.574 (2023 est.) 4.688 (2022 est.) 4.16 (2021 est.) 4.244 (2020 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Energy8 fields

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025) Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2025 est.) Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Coal: production: 14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 290,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 736,000 metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Natural gas: production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Energy consumption per capita: 59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Communications6 fields

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 1.96 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Broadcast media: a mixture of public and private TV stations; 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Internet country code: .ro; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Internet users: percent of population: 89% (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 6.63 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Transportation6 fields

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YR; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Airports: 103 (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Heliports: 24 (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Railways: total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Merchant marine: total: 127 (2023) by type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Ports: total ports: 11 (2024) large: 0 medium: 2 small: 1 very small: 8 ports with oil terminals: 4 key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Military and Security7 fields

Military and security forces: Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Military expenditures: 2.3% of GDP (2025 est.) 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 70,000 active Armed Forces (2025) note: in 2025, the Romanian Government announced plans to increase the size of the Armed Forces by 35,000 personnel by 2030; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Military service age and obligation: typically 18-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; compulsory service ended in 2007 (2025) note: in 2025, the Romanian Government approved a voluntary service plan for citizens aged 18 to 35 to apply for a four-month basic military training programme, open to both men and women who have not completed active military service or not already in reserve; participants would subsequently be registered as reservists; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Military deployments: 470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Military - note: the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernization Romania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Space3 fields

Space agency/agencies: Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Space program overview: develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source
Key space-program milestones: 1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities 1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft 2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi) 2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate) 2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration 2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Terrorism1 fields

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide; CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

Transnational Issues1 fields

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 184,991 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 297 (2024 est.); CIA World Factbook historical record · as of 2026-01-12 · source

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Romania at a glance

Romania through time

Admitted to the United Nations

Changes since the final CIA profile

People, economy, and access

Maintained profile