World · permanent entity record · SY
Syria
Thirty-second orientation
Syria at a glance
- Nationality / demonym
- noun: Syrian(s); adjective: Syrian
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
- Government
- transitional presidential republic
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
- Languages
- Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French, English
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · as of 2026-02-04
Independently structured milestones · not a complete national history
Syria through time
Admitted to the United Nations
Syria became a member of the United Nations.
United Nations, Member States · source checked 2026-09-04
Source history · changed fields only
Changes since the final CIA profile
| Field | Maintained Almanac value | Final CIA profile |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 25,620,427World Bank, World Development Indicators · observation year 2025 | total: 24,261,882 (2025 est.) male: 12,183,128 female: 12,078,754CIA World Factbook · as of 2026-01-18 |
A difference may reflect a newer observation, a revised estimate, or a different source definition. This table reports the values and dates; it does not manufacture a trend.
World Development Indicators · latest available observation
People, economy, and access
Observation years vary by measure. Each row identifies the series and year instead of presenting unlike dates as one current snapshot.
- Gross domestic product
- $23.7 billion
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD · observation year 2022 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2022; indicator NY.GDP.MKTP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Gross domestic product per person
- $1,057
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD · observation year 2022 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2022; indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Underlying providers: National statistical authorities, central banks, OECD national accounts, and World Bank staff estimates. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Life expectancy at birth
- 72.6 years
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Urban population
- 72.1%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS · observation year 2025 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Access to electricity
- 89.3%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS · observation year 2024 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2024; indicator EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. Underlying providers: World Bank ESMAP, Tracking SDG 7. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- People using the internet
- 33.8%
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS · observation year 2018 · dataset updated 2026-07-13World Development Indicators observation for 2018; indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS. Underlying providers: International Telecommunication Union. Source footnote: Source and notes: ITU estimate., Retrieved 2026-09-08.
World Development Indicators data are provided under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The linked indicator metadata identifies the underlying statistical providers.
Maintained profile
- Capital
- Damascus
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · The nation set and displayed federal short name follow the current State Department independent-states register, dated August 11, 2026.
- Area
- 187,437 sq km
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Final CIA source data preserved by a community mirror after the Factbook was retired; the mirror is not the issuing authority.
- Population
- 25,620,427
- World Bank, World Development Indicators · World Development Indicators observation for 2025; indicator SP.POP.TOTL. Underlying providers: UN Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
- Currency
- Syrian pounds (SYP)
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Currency label extracted from the Factbook exchange-rate field.
- Languages
- Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French, English
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · Factbook language listing reproduced without inferring official status beyond the source wording.
- Nationality / demonym
- noun: Syrian(s); adjective: Syrian
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json · The source’s noun and adjective forms are retained. These are language labels, not evidence of any individual person’s citizenship.
- Government
- transitional presidential republic
- CIA World Factbook final dataset, preserved by factbook.json ·
- Continent
- Asia
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Continental label standardized from the archived profile region “Middle East.”
- Coastline
- 193 km
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Climate
- mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Religions
- Muslim 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (includes Orthodox, Uniate, and Nestorian), Druze 3% note: the Christian population may be considerably smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country during the ongoing civil war
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Flag colors
- green, white, black, red
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Colors extracted from the flag description in the preserved final CIA profile.
- National symbol
- northern bald ibis
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Highest point
- Mount Hermon (Jabal a-Shayk) · 9,232 ft (2,814 m)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- Lowest point
- Yarmuk River · -217 ft (-66 m)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · Preserved final CIA profile; this field is a historical baseline, not a claim of current conditions.
- NATO membership
- Not a member
- NATO, What is NATO? · Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
- BRICS membership
- Not a member
- BRICS Brazil, About the BRICS · Membership status is reported from the organization's current member list as of the stated date.
Preserved public-domain record · not maintained current data
Final CIA World Factbook profile
This is the preserved historical baseline from the Factbook’s final public snapshot. It is presented as the CIA stated it, not as a current Standard American Almanac finding. Current, independently maintained facts appear above when available.
CIA World Factbook historical record · final public snapshot · profile updated · pinned source record · commit d81154954b8b
Introduction1 fields
- Background
- After World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost control of the Golan Heights region to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional, albeit unsuccessful, peace talks over its return. In 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'ath Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in 2000. Syrian troops that were stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role were withdrawn in 2005. During the 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In 2007, Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was again approved in a referendum. In the wake of major uprisings elsewhere in the region, antigovernment protests broke out in the southern province of Dar'a in 2011. Protesters called for the legalization of political parties, the removal of corrupt local officials, and the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge. Demonstrations and violent unrest spread across Syria, and the government responded with concessions, but also with military force and detentions that led to extended clashes and eventually civil war. International pressure on the Syrian Government intensified after 2011, as the Arab League, the EU, Turkey, and the US expanded economic sanctions against the ASAD regime and those entities that supported it. In 2012, more than 130 countries recognized the Syrian National Coalition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In 2015, Russia launched a military intervention on behalf of the ASAD regime, and domestic and foreign-government-aligned forces recaptured swaths of territory from opposition forces. With foreign support, the regime continued to periodically regain opposition-held territory until 2020, when Turkish firepower halted a regime advance and forced a stalemate between regime and opposition forces. The government lacks territorial control over much of the northeastern part of the country, which the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) hold, and a smaller area dominated by Turkey. Since 2016, Turkey has conducted three large-scale military operations to capture territory along Syria's northern border. Some opposition forces organized under the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army and Turkish forces have maintained control of northwestern Syria along the Turkish border with the Afrin area of Aleppo Province since 2018. The violent extremist organization Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (formerly the Nusrah Front) emerged in 2017 as the predominant opposition force in Idlib Province, and still dominates an area also hosting Turkish forces. Negotiations have failed to produce a resolution to the conflict, and the UN estimated in 2022 that at least 306,000 people have died during the civil war. Approximately 6.7 million Syrians were internally displaced as of 2022, and 14.6 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance across the country. An additional 5.6 million Syrians were registered refugees in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and North Africa. The conflict in Syria remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the full-scale invasion of Ukraine). On 8 December 2024, Syrian Islamist rebels captured the capital city of Damascus and overthrew President Bashar al-ASAD. The former president and his family fled to Moscow, where they were granted political asylum. The al-ASAD regime had ruled Syria for over 50 years.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Geography19 fields
- Location
- Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Area
- total : 187,437 sq km land: 185,887 sq km water: 1,550 sq km note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Area - comparative
- slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Pennsylvania
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land boundaries
- total: 2,363 km border countries (5): Iraq 599 km; Israel 83 km; Jordan 379 km; Lebanon 403 km; Turkey 899 km
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Maritime claims
- territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Climate
- mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Terrain
- primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Elevation
- highest point: Mount Hermon (Jabal a-Shayk) 2,814 m lowest point: Yarmuk River -66 m mean elevation: 514 m
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural resources
- petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land use
- agricultural land: 74.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 24% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 5.7% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 44.5% (2023 est.) forest: 2.9% (2023 est.) other: 23% (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Major rivers (by length in km)
- Euphrates (shared with Turkey [s], Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris (shared with Turkey, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Major watersheds (area sq km)
- Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Population distribution
- significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley note: the recent civil war has altered the population distribution
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural hazards
- dust storms, sandstorms volcanism: Syria's two historically active volcanoes, Es Safa and an unnamed volcano near the Turkish border, have not erupted in centuries
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Geography - note
- the capital of Damascus is located at an oasis fed by the Barada River and is thought to be one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities; there are Israeli settlements and civilian land-use sites in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights (2017)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
People and Society29 fields
- Population
- total: 24,261,882 (2025 est.) male: 12,183,128 female: 12,078,754
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Ethnic groups
- Arab ~50%, Alawite ~15%, Kurd ~10%, Levantine ~10%, other ~15% (includes Druze, Ismaili, Imami, Nusairi, Assyrian, Turkoman, Armenian)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Languages
- Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French, English major-language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic) ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Religions
- Muslim 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (includes Orthodox, Uniate, and Nestorian), Druze 3% note: the Christian population may be considerably smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country during the ongoing civil war
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Age structure
- 0-14 years: 33% (male 4,037,493/female 3,828,777) 15-64 years: 62.8% (male 7,475,355/female 7,522,797) 65 years and over: 4.2% (2024 est.) (male 468,730/female 532,271)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Dependency ratios
- total dependency ratio: 58.1 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 51.2 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 6.9 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 14.5 (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Median age
- total: 24.5 years (2025 est.) male: 23.6 years female: 24.7 years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Birth rate
- 21.26 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Death rate
- 3.97 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Net migration rate
- -1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Population distribution
- significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley note: the recent civil war has altered the population distribution
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Urbanization
- urban population: 57.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 5.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Major urban areas - population
- 2.585 million DAMASCUS (capital), 2.203 million Aleppo, 1.443 million Hims (Homs), 996,000 Hamah (2023)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Sex ratio
- at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Maternal mortality ratio
- 20 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Infant mortality rate
- total: 14.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births female: 13.5 deaths/1,000 live births
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Life expectancy at birth
- total population: 74.8 years (2024 est.) male: 73.4 years female: 76.4 years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total fertility rate
- 2.64 children born/woman (2025 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Drinking water source
- urban: 95.6% of population (2022 est.) rural: 92.1% of population (2022 est.) total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.) urban: 4.4% of population (2022 est.) rural: 7.9% of population (2022 est.) total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Health expenditure
- 7.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Physician density
- 1.52 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Hospital bed density
- 1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Sanitation facility access
- urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.) rural: 99.3% of population (2022 est.) total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.) rural: 0.7% of population (2022 est.) total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Alcohol consumption per capita
- total: 0.13 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Literacy
- total population: 94.4% (2021 est.) male: 97.2% (2021 est.) female: 91.8% (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Environment11 fields
- Environmental issues
- deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; depletion of water resources; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International environmental agreements
- party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Climate
- mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Land use
- agricultural land: 74.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 24% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 5.7% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 44.5% (2023 est.) forest: 2.9% (2023 est.) other: 23% (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Urbanization
- urban population: 57.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 5.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Carbon dioxide emissions
- 20.243 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 33,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 14.79 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 5.42 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Particulate matter emissions
- 25.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Methane emissions
- energy: 519.8 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 144.7 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 138 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 1.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Waste and recycling
- municipal solid waste generated annually: 4.5 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2.5% (2010 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total water withdrawal
- municipal: 1.475 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 615.4 million cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 14.67 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Total renewable water resources
- 16.802 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Government23 fields
- Country name
- conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic conventional short form: Syria local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah local short form: Suriyah former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt) etymology: the source of the name is uncertain; the name appears as "Suri" in Babylonian cuneiform writings dating from about 4000 B.C.
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Government type
- transitional presidential republic
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Capital
- name: Damascus geographic coordinates: 33 30 N, 36 18 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the city has an ancient, pre-Semitic name of unknown origin
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Administrative divisions
- 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah (Latakia), Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq (Damascus), Halab (Aleppo), Hamah, Hims (Homs), Idlib, Rif Dimashq (Damascus Countryside), Tartus
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legal system
- mixed system of civil and Islamic (sharia) law (for family courts)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Constitution
- history: Syria's 2012 constitution was rescinded by the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham-led government in January 2025; in March 2025, interim authorities announced a transitional constitution to remain in effect for up to five years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International law organization participation
- has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICC
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Citizenship
- citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Syria; if the father is unknown or stateless, the mother must be a citizen of Syria dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Executive branch
- chief of state: Ahmad al-Shara'; former President Bashar al-ASAD was overthrown by Islamist rebels on 8 December 2024 head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad al-BASHIR (since 8 December 2024) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president election/appointment process: president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); the president appoints the vice president and prime minister most recent election date: 26 May 2021 election results: 2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 95.2%, Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%, other 1.5% 2014: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8% expected date of next election: 2028
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Legislative branch
- legislature name: People's Assembly (Majlis Al-Chaab) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 210 (140 indirectly elected; 70 appointed) electoral system: plurality/majority scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 10/5/2025 percentage of women in chamber: 9.6% expected date of next election: March 2030
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Judicial branch
- highest court(s): Court of Cassation (organized into civil, criminal, religious, and military divisions, each with 3 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 7 members) judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC), a judicial management body headed by the minister of justice with 7 members, including the national president; judge tenure NA; Supreme Constitutional Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the SJC; judges serve 4-year renewable terms subordinate courts: courts of first instance; magistrates' courts; religious and military courts; Economic Security Court; Counterterrorism Court
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Political parties
- legal parties/alliances: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Arab Socialist (Ba'ath) Party – Syrian Regional Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syrian Regional Branch, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party Arab Socialist Union of Syria or ASU Democratic Arab Socialist Union National Progressive Front or NPF Socialist Unionist Democratic Party Socialist Unionist Party Syrian Communist Party (two branches) Syrian Social Nationalist Party or SSNP Unionist Socialist Party major political organizations: Kurdish Democratic Union Party or PYD Kurdish National Council or KNC Syriac Union Party Syrian Democratic Council or SDC Syrian Democratic Party Syrian Opposition Coalition de facto governance entities: Democratic Autonomous Administration of Northeast Syria or DAANES Syrian Interim Government or SIG Syrian Salvation Government or SSG
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Diplomatic representation in the US
- none note: operations at the embassy were suspended on 18 March 2014
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); note - on 6 February 2012, the US suspended operations at its embassy in Damascus; Czechia serves as a protecting power for US interests in Syria mailing address: 6110 Damascus Place, Washington DC 20521-6110 email address and website: USIS_damascus@embassy.mzv.cz https://sy.usembassy.gov/
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- International organization participation
- ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WBG, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Independence
- 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National holiday
- Independence Day (Evacuation Day), 17 April (1946) note: celebrates the last French troops departing and the proclamation of full independence
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Flag
- description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black; three five-pointed red stars in a horizontal line, centered on the white band meaning: the design is the same as a previous Syrian national flag (in use 1932-58 and 1961-63), but it is still unclear if the elements will retain the same meanings; the bands formerly represented Syria’s past rulers: white (Umayyad Caliphate), black (Abbasid Caliphate), and green (Rashidun Caliphate); the first star represented Damascus, Aleppo, and Deir ez-Zor, the three administrative subdivisions in Syria in the 1930s; the second star stood for Jabal Druze (the Mountain of the Druze), and the third star for the Alawite Mountains history: in 2011, opponents to the Asad regime adopted the flag; in 2025, it became the new national flag, replacing the two-star design
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National anthem(s)
- title: “Ħumāt ad-Diyār (Guardians of the Homeland) lyrics/music: Khalil Mardam BEY/Mohammad Salim FLAYFEL and Ahmad Salim FLAYFEL history: adopted 1936, restored 1961; the country had a different anthem between 1958 and 1961, when Syria was part of the United Arab Republic
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- National heritage
- total World Heritage Sites: 6 (all cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Ancient City of Damascus; Ancient City of Bosra; Site of Palmyra; Ancient City of Aleppo; Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din; Ancient Villages of Northern Syria
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Economy27 fields
- Economic overview
- low-income Middle Eastern economy; prior infrastructure and economy devastated by 11-year civil war; ongoing US sanctions; sporadic trans-migration during conflict; currently being supported by World Bank trust fund; ongoing hyperinflation
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
- $98.858 billion (2023 est.) $100.066 billion (2022 est.) $99.338 billion (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP growth rate
- -1.2% (2023 est.) 0.7% (2022 est.) 1.9% (2021 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Real GDP per capita
- $4,200 (2023 est.) $4,500 (2022 est.) $4,600 (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP (official exchange rate)
- $19.993 billion (2023 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Inflation rate (consumer prices)
- 94.1% (2022 est.) 98.3% (2021 est.) 114.2% (2020 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP - composition, by sector of origin
- agriculture: 43.1% (2022 est.) industry: 12% (2022 est.) services: 44.9% (2022 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- GDP - composition, by end use
- household consumption: 114.8% (2022 est.) government consumption: 2.7% (2022 est.) investment in fixed capital: 4.5% (2022 est.) exports of goods and services: 6.8% (2022 est.) imports of goods and services: -28.8% (2022 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Agricultural products
- wheat, barley, milk, sheep milk, tomatoes, olives, potatoes, maize, oranges, grapes (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Industries
- petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, automobile assembly
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Industrial production growth rate
- -13.4% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Labor force
- 6.617 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Unemployment rate
- 13% (2024 est.) 13.2% (2023 est.) 13.3% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
- total: 31.5% (2024 est.) male: 27.8% (2024 est.) female: 47.9% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
- 26.6 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Household income or consumption by percentage share
- lowest 10%: 3.8% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 21.1% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Remittances
- 0% of GDP (2023 est.) 0% of GDP (2022 est.) 0% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Budget
- revenues: $1.162 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: $3.211 billion (2017 est.) note: government projections for FY2016
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports
- $1.609 billion (2022 est.) $2.227 billion (2021 est.) $1.649 billion (2020 est.) note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports - partners
- Turkey 29%, Saudi Arabia 16%, Lebanon 10%, India 10%, UAE 5% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exports - commodities
- olive oil, phosphates, spice seeds, cotton, tomatoes (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports
- $6.803 billion (2022 est.) $6.56 billion (2021 est.) $3.751 billion (2020 est.) note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports - partners
- Turkey 49%, UAE 11%, China 8%, Egypt 7%, Lebanon 3% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Imports - commodities
- tobacco, plastics, wheat flours, plastic products, seed oils (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Debt - external
- $4.573 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Exchange rates
- Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 2,505.747 (2022 est.) 1,256 (2021 est.) 877.945 (2020 est.) 436.5 (2019 est.) 436.5 (2018 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Energy7 fields
- Electricity access
- electrification - total population: 89% (2022 est.) electrification - urban areas: 100% electrification - rural areas: 75%
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Electricity
- installed generating capacity: 9.636 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 15.522 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 358.723 million kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 4.214 billion kWh (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Electricity generation sources
- fossil fuels: 95.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Coal
- consumption: 15,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 15,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Petroleum
- total petroleum production: 65,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 102,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 2.5 billion barrels (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Natural gas
- production: 2.763 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 2.763 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 240.693 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Energy consumption per capita
- 13.569 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Communications6 fields
- Telephones - fixed lines
- total subscriptions: 2.816 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Telephones - mobile cellular
- total subscriptions: 17.6 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 71 (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Broadcast media
- state-run TV has 2 networks and 5 satellite channels; roughly two-thirds of homes have a satellite dish with access to foreign TV; 3 state-run radio channels; first private radio station launched in 2005; private radio broadcasters prohibited from transmitting news or political content (2018)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Internet users
- percent of population: 35% (2019 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Broadband - fixed subscriptions
- total: 1.62 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2023 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Transportation6 fields
- Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
- YK
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Railways
- total: 2,052 km (2014) standard gauge: 1,801 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 251 km (2014) 1.050-m gauge
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Merchant marine
- total: 24 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 8, oil tanker 1, other 13
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Ports
- total ports: 3 (2024) large: 1 medium: 1 small: 1 very small: 0 ports with oil terminals: 3 key ports: Al Ladhiqiyah, Baniyas, Tartus
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Military and Security6 fields
- Military and security forces
- the interim government authorities in Syria have established a Ministry of Defense and are attempting to unify the dozens of armed factions operating in Syria under a single, state-linked army; it has also established a Ministry of Interior to manage police and other security forces (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military expenditures
- 6.5% of GDP (2019 est.) 6.7% of GDP (2018 est.) 6.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 6.9% of GDP (2016 est.) 7.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military and security service personnel strengths
- not available
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
- the military forces of Syria are equipped with Russian and Soviet-era armaments (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military service age and obligation
- under Bashar al-ASAD, Syrian men aged 18-38 were required to serve 18-21 months in the military; conscription continued until ASAD's fall when the interim government announced that mandatory conscription to Syria’s armed forces would be abolished and only be reinstated in extreme cases, such as national emergencies relating to war (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Military - note
- as of September 2025, the government did not exercise control over all of Syria; areas of the northeast were under the control of ethnic Kurdish-led forces and areas south of the capital Damascus were controlled by members of the Druze religious minority; Turkish forces remained in parts of the north, while Israeli forces had moved into formerly demilitarized areas between Syria and Israel and into some Syrian territory near the frontier the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; UNDOF has about 1,300 personnel (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Space3 fields
- Space agency/agencies
- Syrian Space Agency (created in 2014); status is unclear since the fall of the ASAD Government (2025)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Space program overview
- status unclear; has been handicapped by the impact of the civil war, including the loss of students and scientists who fled the country; had previously focused on satellite development and related space technologies, as well as scientific research; has relations with the space agency and space industries of Russia (2024)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Key space-program milestones
- 1987 - first and only Syrian astronaut into space as part of a Soviet-crewed mission to the Mir Space Station under the Intercosmos program 2016 - signed a scientific cooperation agreement in the field of space technology and remote sensing with Russia 2018 - announced that developing a satellite would be a primary goal of the space program
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Terrorism1 fields
- Terrorist group(s)
- Abdallah Azzam Brigades; Ansar al-Islam; Asa’ib Ahl Al-Haq; Hizballah; Hurras al-Din; Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Kata'ib Hizballah; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Palestine Liberation Front (PLF); Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); PFLP-General Command (PLFP-GC) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
Transnational Issues2 fields
- Refugees and internally displaced persons
- refugees: 16,402 (2024 est.) IDPs: 7,408,809 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 160,000 (2024 est.)
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
- Trafficking in persons
- tier rating: Tier 3 — Syria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Syria remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/syria/
- CIA World Factbook historical record · as of · source
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